Electrically controlled molecular recognition harnessed to activate a cellular response.

Seamless embedment of electronic devices in biological systems is expected to add the outstanding computing power, memory, and speed of electronics to the biochemical toolbox of nature. Such amalgamation requires transduction of electronic signals into biochemical cues that affect cells. Inspired by biology, where pathways are directed by molecular recognition, we propose and demonstrate a generic electrical-to-biological transducer comprising a two-state electronic antigen and a chimeric cell receptor engineered to bind the antigen exclusively in its "on" state. T-cells expressing these receptors remain inactivated with the antigen in its "off" state. Switching the antigen to its "on" state by an electrical signal leads to its recognition by the T-cells and correspondingly to cell activation.

Molecular diffusion in porous media by PGSE ESR.

Diffusion in porous media is a general subject that involves many fields of research, such as chemistry (e.g. porous catalytic pallets), biology (e.g. porous cellular organelles), and materials science (e.g. porous polymer matrixes for controlled-release and gas-storage materials). Pulsed-gradient spin-echo nuclear magnetic resonance (PGSE NMR) is a powerful technique that is often employed to characterize complex diffusion patterns inside porous media. Typically it measures the motion of at least approximately 10(15) molecules occurring in the milliseconds-to-seconds time scale, which can be used to characterize diffusion in porous media with features of approximately 2-3 mum and above (in common aqueous environments). Electron Spin Resonance (ESR), which operates in the nanoseconds-to-microseconds time scale with much better spin sensitivity, can in principle be employed to measure complex diffusion patterns in porous media with much finer features (down to approximately 10 nm). However, up to now, severe technical constraints precluded the adaptation of PGSE ESR to porous media research. In this work we demonstrate for the first time the use of PGSE ESR in the characterization of molecular restricted diffusion in common liquid solutions embedded in a model system for porous media made of sub-micron glass spheres. A unique ESR resonator, efficient gradient coils and fast gradient current drivers enable these measurements. This work can be further extended in the future to many applications that involve dynamical processes occurring in porous media with features in the deep sub-micron range down to true nanometric length scales.