What maternal educational mobility tells us about the mother's parenting routines, offspring school achievement and intelligence.

BACKGROUND: Educational mobility at the macro-level is a common measure of social inequality. Nonetheless, the correlates of mobility of education at the individual level are less well studied. We evaluated whether educational mobility of the second generation (compared to the first generation level) predicts differences in parenting practices of the second generation and school achievement and intelligence in the third generation. METHODS: Data from a population-based cohort of children in the Netherlands (N = 3547; 49.4% boys) were analyzed. Maternal, grandparental education and family routines, a parenting practice, were reported by the mother. Child school achievement at the end of primary school (∼12 years, with the national Dutch academic test score) and child intelligence (∼6 and 13 years) were measured in a standardized manner. Also, a child genome-wide polygenic score of academic attainment was calculated. To estimate the effect of educational mobility, inverse probability-weighted linear models and Diagonal Reference Models (DRM) were used. RESULTS: Upward maternal educational mobility was associated with better offspring school achievement, higher intelligence, and more family routines if compared to offspring of mothers with no upward mobility. However, mothers did not implement the same level of family routines as similarly educated mothers and grandfathers who already had achieved this educational level. Likewise, children of mothers with upward educational mobility had lower school achievement and intelligence than children of similarly educated mothers with no mobility. Child's genetic potential for education followed a similar association pattern with higher potential in children of upward mobile mothers. CONCLUSION: Policymakers might overlook social inequalities when focused on parental socioeconomic status. Grandparental socioeconomic status, which independently predicts child school achievement, intelligence, and parental family routines, should also be assessed. The child's genetic endowment reflects the propensity for education across generations that partly underlies mobility and some of its effect on the offspring.

Efficacy of the use of perfluorocarbon as a temporary tamponade agent in severe ocular trauma and/or complex retinopexy: a scoping review.

BACKGROUND: Perfluorocarbon (PFC)possesses unique chemical properties that favor the pigment epithelium's adhesion and allows the drainage of subretinal fluid through retinal holes present in retinal detachment cases. However, PFC as a temporary tamponade agent has been limited due to its high potential for toxicity. MAIN BODY: We conducted a scoping review regarding the use of PFC in vitreoretinal surgery as a temporary tamponade in subjects with severe ocular trauma or severe retinal detachment who received a therapeutic intervention (vitrectomy via posterior approach with the use of PFC as a temporary tamponade), compared to vitrectomy without the use of PFC as a temporary tamponade. Outcomes of interest were retinal reattachment, visual acuity (VA), postoperative complications and retinal toxicity. The search was performed in Medline, Medline In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations, Medline Daily Update, Embase databases. Reference lists from relevant review articles were also included. Two hundred thirty-eight studies were found, with no duplicate entries. In the first selection, 230 articles were eliminated; in the second selection, 6 additional articles were discarded. In total, 8 articles were obtained in this review. Two selected articles corresponded to animal studies and 6 to studies in humans. Regarding study design, 5 were case series, and 1 was a cohort study. CONCLUSION: PFC as a short-term tamponade had high rates of reapplication, improved VA, and the most frequent adverse effects were reversible after PFC withdrawal. Nonetheless, the quality of the studies was poor. Studies with more rigorous methodologies are needed to determine visual and structural outcomes and potential risks of PFC use as a temporary tamponade in vitreoretinal surgery.

Double advantage of parental education for child educational achievement: the role of parenting and child intelligence.

BACKGROUND: Parental education is one of the best predictors of child school achievement. Higher parental education is not only associated with higher child intelligence, but children from highly educated parents also perform better in school due to other family related factors. This study evaluates the relation between parental education, child non-verbal intelligence and parenting practices with child school achievement. METHODS: Longitudinal data from a large population-based, multi-ethnic cohort of children in the Netherlands (63% Dutch origin) followed from birth to age 13 years (3547 children; 52.3% girls) were analyzed. School achievement was measured at the end of primary school (12 years of age) with a national Dutch academic test score. Parental education was assessed at age 3 years. The non-verbal intelligence of the child was measured at age 6 years and a full intelligence was measured at age 13 years. Maternal and paternal family routines, harsh parenting and corporal punishment were assessed in early and mid-childhood. Mediation analysis was performed with the G-formula and Structural Equation Models. RESULTS: Child intelligence partially mediated [B indirect effect =0.54 95% CI (0.46, 0.62) P < 0.001] the association between parental education and child school achievement. Independent of intelligence, family routines [B indirect effect =0.04 95% CI (0.01, 0.07) P < 0.01], but not harsh parenting mediated this association. CONCLUSIONS: Higher parental education was associated with better school achievement through two independent mechanisms, through higher intelligence of the child and parenting practices.

Child mental health problems as a risk factor for academic underachievement: A multi-informant, population-based study.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether child mental health problems prospectively associate with IQ-achievement discrepancy (i.e., academic under- and over-achievement) in emerging adolescence. The secondary aims were to test whether these associations are specific to certain mental health problems, to assess potential sex differences, and to examine whether associations are robustly observed across multiple informants (i.e., maternal and teacher-reports). METHODS: This study included 1,577 children from the population-based birth cohort the Generation R Study. Child mental health problems at age 6 were assessed by mothers and teachers using the Child Behavior Checklist and the Teacher's Report Form. The IQ-achievement discrepancy was quantified as the standardized residuals of academic achievement regressed on IQ, where IQ was measured with four tasks from the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fifth Edition around age 13 and academic attainment was measured with the Cito test, a national Dutch academic test, at the end of elementary school (12 years of age). RESULTS: Mental health problems at age 6 were associated with IQ-achievement discrepancy at age 12, with more problems associating with greater academic underachievement. When examining specific mental health problems, we found that attention problems was the only mental health problem to independently associate with the IQ-achievement discrepancy (adjusted standardized difference per 1-standard deviation, mother: -0.11, p < 0.001, 95% CI [-0.16, -0.06]; teacher: -0.13, p < 0.001, 95% CI [-0.18, -0.08]). These associations remained after adjusting for co-occurring mental health problems. The overall pattern of associations was consistent across boys and girls and across informants. CONCLUSION: Mental health problems during the transition from kindergarten to elementary school associate with academic underachievement at the end of elementary school. These associations were primarily driven by attention problems, as rated by both mothers and teachers-suggesting that strategies targeting attention problems may be a particularly promising avenue for improving educational performance irrespective of IQ, although this should be established more thoroughly through further research.

Aggressive behavior, emotional, and attention problems across childhood and academic attainment at the end of primary school.

PURPOSE: To assess whether aggressive behavior and emotional problems from early childhood onwards are related to academic attainment at the end of primary education, and whether these associations are independent of attention problems. METHODS: Data on 2546 children participating in a longitudinal birth cohort in Rotterdam were analyzed. Aggressive behavior, attention and emotional problems at ages 1½, 3, 5 and 10 years were assessed with the Child Behavior Checklist. Academic attainment at the end of primary school (12 years of age) was measured with the CITO test, a national Dutch academic test score. RESULTS: Aggressive behavior from age 1½ to 10 years was negatively associated with academic attainment, but these associations attenuated to non-significance when accounting for comorbid attention problems. For emotional problems, first, only problems at 10 years were associated with poorer academic attainment. Yet, when accounting for attention problems, the association reversed: more emotional problems from 1½ to 10 years were associated with a better academic attainment. Attention problems at ages 1½ to 10 years were negatively associated with academic attainment, independent of comorbid emotional problems or aggressive behavior. CONCLUSIONS: Attention problems across childhood are related to a poorer academic attainment, while emotional problems predicted better academic attainment. Moreover, the relationship between aggressive behavior and academic attainment was explained by comorbid attention problems. Future research should determine the mechanisms through which attention problems and emotional problems affect academic attainment, to inform strategies for the promotion of better educational attainment.

Housing index, urbanisation level and lifetime prevalence of depressive and anxiety disorders: a cross-sectional analysis of the Colombian national mental health survey.

OBJECTIVES: To study socioeconomic inequalities in mental health in rural and urban Colombia, a country with a history of internal conflict and large socioeconomic inequalities. Recent survey data are available to study this understudied topic in a middle-income country. METHODS: Using data from 9656 respondents from the 2015 Colombian Mental Health survey, we investigated the association between lifetime prevalence of depressive and anxiety disorders and quality of dwellings and access to public services housing score (HS). We calculated the relative index of inequality (RII) and slope index of inequality (SII) for HS in urban and rural areas, adjusting for potential confounders and mediating factors. OUTCOMES: The lifetime prevalence of anxiety and depression (combined) was 9.6% in urban versus 6.9% in rural areas (p<0.001). HS was not associated with prevalence of anxiety and depression in urban settings, whereas a higher HS (poorer housing quality) was associated with fewer mental disorders in rural areas in both univariate and multivariate models (multivariate RIIurban0.96 (95% CI 0.51 to 1.81); RIIrural0.11 (95% CI 0.04 to 0.32)). In rural areas, the prevalence of mental health problems was 12% points lower in persons living in the poorest quality dwellings than in those living in high-quality dwellings (SII -0.12 (95% CI -0.18 to -0.06)). Interestingly, within rural areas, persons living in 'populated centres' (small towns, villages) had a higher lifetime prevalence of any mental health disorder (9.8% (95% CI 6.9 to 13.6)) compared with those living in more isolated, dispersed areas (6.0% (95% CI 4.6 to 7.7)). INTERPRETATION: In rural Colombia, those living in the poorest houses and in dispersed areas had a lower prevalence of mental health problems. Further understanding of this phenomenon of a seemingly inverse association of prevalence of mental disorders with poverty and/or urbanisation in rural areas is needed. Particularly, considering the progressive urbanisation process in Colombia, it is important to monitor mental health in populations migrating to the cities.

Síndrome de apnea obstructiva del sueño en personas atendidas en consulta externa de psiquiatría: serie de casos / Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in patients attending a psychiatry outpatient service: a case series

Resumen El síndrome de apnea obstructiva del sueño (SAOS) se asocia a múltiples desenlaces negativos. Se ha propuesto que las personas con enfermedad mental están en mayor riesgo, en parte por sobrepeso y por las alteraciones del sueño asociadas con algunos medicamentos. Sin embargo, son pocos los estudios en esta población. Objetivo: Describir a la población y el resultado de las polisomnografías solicitadas ante sospecha clínica en pacientes de consulta externa de una clínica psiquiátrica. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo de una muestra de pacientes consecutivos atendidos entre 2012 y 2014. Resultados: De los 58 pacientes de los que se solicitó polisomnografía, 52 (89%) presentaban SAOS. De estos, el 16% cursaba con obesidad y el19% tomaba benzodiacepinas. Conclusiones: Esta es una enfermedad que se debe tener en cuenta durante la evaluación clínica de los pacientes con enfermedad mental, dado que su presencia implica precaución al plantear el tratamiento farmacológico y hacer el seguimiento.

Abstract Background: Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is a condition associated with multiple negative outcomes. People with mental illness might be at increased risk of having it, given that medication given has adverse effects on weight and there are alterations in sleep associated with them; however, there are few studies in this population. Objective: Describe the patients and the results of polysomnography ordered based on clinical symptoms in a psychiatric outpatient clinic between 2012 and 2014. Methods: A case series in which medical records were evaluated. Results: 58 patients who underwent polysomnography, 89% of them had OSAS, 16% were obese and 19% were been treated with benzodiazepines. Conclusions: This is a condition that must be considered during the clinical evaluation of patients with mental illness, since its presence should make clinicians think about drug treatment and follow up.

[Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in patients attending a psychiatry outpatient service: a case series]. / Síndrome de apnea obstructiva del sueño en personas atendidas en consulta externa de psiquiatría: serie de casos.

BACKGROUND: Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is a condition associated with multiple negative outcomes. People with mental illness might be at increased risk of having it, given that medication given has adverse effects on weight and there are alterations in sleep associated with them; however, there are few studies in this population. OBJECTIVE: Describe the patients and the results of polysomnography ordered based on clinical symptoms in a psychiatric outpatient clinic between 2012 and 2014. METHODS: A case series in which medical records were evaluated. RESULTS: 58 patients who underwent polysomnography, 89% of them had OSAS, 16% were obese and 19% were been treated with benzodiazepines. CONCLUSIONS: This is a condition that must be considered during the clinical evaluation of patients with mental illness, since its presence should make clinicians think about drug treatment and follow up.

[Mental Problems, Mood and Anxiety Disorders in The Population Displaced by Violence in Colombia; Results of The National Mental Health Survey 2015]. / Problemas mentales, trastornos del afecto y de ansiedad en la población desplazada por la violencia en Colombia, resultados de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud Mental 2015.

INTRODUCTION: Colombia has a large population exposed to violence. Our data suggest a significant number displaced by the conflict. As there is an increased risk of vulnerability, their problems and mental disorders need to be assessed in order to determine specific treatments. OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of problems and mental disorders in those internally displaced by the conflict. METHODS: Data was obtained from the National Mental Health Survey 2015. The diagnostic tools used were the composite international diagnosis interview (CIDI-CAPI), Self-reporting questionnaire (SQR). Alcohol consumption was assessed with the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification test (AUDIT). A survey based on the Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) was developed. The modified Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Checklist-Civilian version (PCL-C) was used to determine possible post-traumatic stress Disorder. Multidimensional poverty index (MPI) and Family-Apgar questionnaire were applied to general individual and household data. RESULTS: A total of 943 persons displaced by the conflict were reported, with self-report of symptoms in 16.4% (95% CI, 13.2-20.1). The prevalence of any of the measured mental disorders (CIDI-CAPI) ever in life was 15.9% (95% CI, 11.9-21.1), with a suicidal ideation of 12.5% (95%CI, 9.0-17.1), and excessive alcohol consumption in 10.1% (95% CI, 7.2-13.9). More than one-third (35.6%, (95% CI, 30.7-40.8) of people report having experienced, witnessed, or been told that someone close had had a traumatic event related to the armed conflict. An increased risk of PTSD is reported by 3.6% (95% CI, 2.2-5.9) displaced people that had reported at least one traumatic event. Family dysfunction in the displaced population is absent (74.8% (95%.CI, 70.4-78.8). CONCLUSIONS: The displaced population has a high prevalence of problems and mental disorders, which confirms their disadvantaged situation.

[Personality Traits Screening in a Colombian Adult Population Sample - Colombian National Survey of Mental Health-2015]. / Tamizaje de rasgos de personalidad en población adulta colombiana. Encuesta Nacional de Salud Mental 2015.

INTRODUCTION: Personality refers to the individual style in characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling and behaving. Traits may configure a personality disorder when there is a long-lasting rigid pattern of inner experience that deviates from the expectations of the individual's culture, are inflexible and form maladaptative schemes in different interpersonal scenarios. Given the pervasiveness of this structure, they cause impairment of functioning in the affected person. OBJECTIVE: To establish the prevalence of personality traits in all selected adults, using the module-structured interview WHO WHM-CIDI-CAPI for clusters A, B and C of personality traits. METHODS: Colombian National Survey on Mental Health with persons older than 18 years of age. RESULTS: Personality traits that are the most frequently described: Cluster A 46% (95%CI, 45.2-48.1) of people believe they are convinced that there are conspiracies behind many things in the world. Regarding the features of cluster B, 35.6% (95%CI, 34.2-37.0) of the population reports that generally they do not feel bad when offending or upsetting someone and 35.4% (95%CI, 33.9-36.8) refer to show feelings to anyone. The highest proportion of traits were found to the probable borderline personality disorder, as 4.6% (95%CI, 4.1-5.2) of the Colombian population aged 18 and older has 6 or more features of this type, and is the widely reported as an individual entity with similar rates in men and women. CONCLUSIONS: The high prevalence of disruptive personality traits requires more research. The high prevalence reported for borderline personality traits suggests the need to implement measures to improve and integrate a collaborative model of care for people afflicted with a possible borderline personality disorder.

[Probable Mental Health Disorders Prevalence in Children With Chronic Conditions. Results From the National Mental Health Survey of Colombia 2015]. / Prevalencia de posibles trastornos mentales en niños con condiciones crónicas. Resultado de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud Mental Colombia 2015.

INTRODUCTION: The prevalence of chronic conditions is increasing globally and this phenomenon covers pediatric populations. There is a relationship between chronic conditions and mental health problems, which has been insufficiently studied in the case of children. OBJECTIVE: To measure the frequency of problems and mental disorders in the Colombian population between 7 and 11 years, depending on the presence or absence of chronic conditions. METHODS: The information pertains to the National Survey of Mental Health of Colombia 2015, an observational cross-sectional nationally representative for the group between 7 and 11 years old. Mental problems where measure with the Reporting Questionnaire for Children (RQC), the 12 month prevalence of seven mental disorders were assessed using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children Version parents (DISC-P) and a list of chronic conditions. Univariate and stratification analysis of the data were performed. RESULTS: 41.6% of the children with no chronic conditions, 56.7% of the children with 1 chronic condition and 70.8% in those with 2 or more have at least one RQC symptom; the highest prevalence of mental health symptoms are those with chronic inflammatory lung disease, followed by diabetes mellitus and allergies. The prevalence of one or more mental disorders in children without chronic conditions is 3.1% while those with at least 1 is 13.8%. CONCLUSIONS: A higher prevalence of mental disorders in children and its association with chronic conditions justifies further studies that address this issue and develop strategies with multidisciplinary interventions.

[Violence due to Armed Conflict and Prevalence of Mood Disorders, Anxiety and Mental Problems in the Colombian Adult Population]. / Violencia por conflicto armado y prevalencias de trastornos del afecto, ansiedad y problemas mentales en la población adulta colombiana.

BACKGROUND: Violence in Colombia has a history of over 50 years. Between 1985 and 2012 an estimated of 220,000 Colombians have died and about 6,000,000 have been displaced by violence. OBJECTIVE: To describe and compare the prevalence of some problems and mental disorders in the adult population in Colombia, taking into account the characteristics of the municipality, as regards its history of violence or armed conflict. METHODS: The results for adults (over 18 years) of some problems and mental disorders were taken from the ENSM-2015. The municipalities were classified according to the presence and intensity of the conflict using the classification proposed by the CERAC. Disorders were measured using CIDI-CAPI, and problems with AUDIT, modified PCL (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist). An estimate was also made of psychoactive substances consumption. RESULTS: A total of 10,870 people were interviewed, of whom 5,429 had not changed residence. There was had permanent conflict in 21.8% of the municipalities, 65.5% had a discontinued conflict, and only 12.7% had been pacified or had no conflict. The intensity of the conflict was reported as high by 31.8% of the people. Violent municipalities have a higher prevalence of anxiety disorders, depression, possible Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, and smoking. Alcohol consumption was more common in municipalities with less intense conflict. CONCLUSIONS: The municipalities classified as having high levels of violence have a higher prevalence of mental disorders and the majority of the mental problems.

[Colombia 2015 National Mental Health Survey. Study Protocol]. / Encuesta Nacional de Salud Mental Colombia 2015. Protocolo del estudio.

INTRODUCTION: The 2015 National Mental Health Survey (NMHS) is the fourth mental survey conducted in Colombia, and is part of the National System of Surveys and Population Studies for health. METHODS: A narrative description is used to explain the background, references, the preparation, and characteristics of the 2015 NMHS. The 2015 NMHS and its protocol emerge from the requirements that support the national and international policies related to mental health. Together with the Ministry of Health and Social Protection, the objectives, the collection tools, the sample, and the operational plan are defined. The main objective was to obtain updated information about the mental health, mental problems and disorders, accessibility to health services, and an evaluation of health conditions. Participants were inhabitants from both urban and rural areas, over 7 years old, and in whom the comprehension of social determinants and equity were privileged. An observational cross-sectional design with national, regional and age group representativity, was used. The age groups selected were 7-11, 12-17, and over 18 years old. The regions considered were Central, Orient, Atlantic, Pacific, and Bogota. The calculated sample had a minimum of 12,080 and a maximum of 14,496 participants. CONCLUSIONS: A brief summary of the protocol of the 2015 NMHS is presented. The full document with all the collection tools can be consulted on the Health Ministry webpage.

[Prevalence and Associated Factors of Mental Disorders in Colombian Child Population, the 2015 National Mental Health Survey]. / Prevalencia y factores asociados a trastornos mentales en la población de niños colombianos, Encuesta Nacional de Salud Mental (ENSM) 2015.

INTRODUCTION: The 2015 National Mental Health Survey aimed to expand our knowledge about the real mental state of children in Colombia, taking into account the fact that most mental disorders in adults begin during childhood or adolescence. It is essential to have an improved knowledge of the magnitude of this issue and to design timely interventions that reduce long term complications. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of the disorders in the last 12 months and 30 days according to the DSM-IV, as well as to collect data about social and demographic variables. METHODS: The structured Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children (DISC-P), which provides DSM-IV diagnoses, was applied to carers of non-institutionalised children between 7 and 11 years old. The disorders evaluated included: major depressive disorder, dysthymia, generalised anxiety disorder, separation anxiety disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in its three kinds (mixed, inattentive, and hyperactive), oppositional defiant disorder, and conduct disorder. The instrumentation was computer-assisted. RESULTS: Prevalences of the disorders are present both in the last 30 days and in the last 12 months. In general, there is a prevalence of any of the disorders of 3% (95% CI, 2.2-4.0) in the last 30 days, and 4.7% (95% CI, 3.6-6.2) in the last 12 months. When evaluated individually, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is the most frequent disorder, with a prevalence of 2.3% and 3.0% in the last 30 days and the last 12 months, respectively. In addition, the disorders that are known to frequently begin during childhood are the most common disorders in the age group studied, with a prevalence of 2.5% in the last 30 days and 3.2% in the last year. CONCLUSIONS: The 2015 National Mental Health Survey provides precise information about the real mental situation in children between the ages of 7 and 11 years in Colombia, compared with past epidemiological studies in the country, which were restricted to specific populations. By improving the reliability on knowledge about mental disorders in children, it will be possible to design more appropriate and precise strategies for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.

[Depression and Anxiety Disorders and Associated Factors in the Adolescent Colombian Population, 2015 National Mental Health Survey]. / Trastornos depresivos y de ansiedad y factores asociados en la población de adolescentes colombianos, Encuesta Nacional de Salud Mental 2015.

INTRODUCTION: There was a prevalence of mental disorders of 17% in adolescents in the past year. These tended to be chronic and their appearance at this age is associated with a worse prognosis than those in adulthood. OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence and mental factors associated with major depression and anxiety disorders. METHODS: Data were obtained from the IV National Mental Health Survey representing 5 regions. A structured computerised survey was conducted using the Computer Assisted Personal Interview-Composite International Diagnostic Interview-Adolescent Version (CAPI-CIDI-A), focused on the most common depression and anxiety disorders. It included a sample of 1754 adolescents between 12 and 17 years old. RESULTS: The prevalence of any disorder at some point in life was 7.2% (95%CI, 5.8-8.9). The most common disorder corresponded to social phobia manifested sometime in life in 4.8% (95%CI, 3.7-6.2). Less frequent were panic disorder in girls (0.2%; 95% CI, 0.1-1.0) and other bipolar disorders in boys (0.2%; 95%CI, 0.1-0.7). Among the associated factors of suffering from any disorder were, being female (OR=2.1), having little family support (OR=2.0), having witnessed at least one traumatic event (OR=2.6), and having had a previous suicide attempt (OR=3.4). Participation in at least one group was a protective factor (OR=0.5). CONCLUSIONS: Mental disorders of anxiety and depression represent a major burden of disease for Colombia.

[Depression and Anxiety Disorders and Associated Factors in the Adult Colombian Population, 2015 National Mental Health Survey]. / Trastornos depresivos y de ansiedad y factores asociados en la población adulta colombiana, Encuesta Nacional de Salud Mental 2015.

INTRODUCTION: Mental disorders are the first causes of disability adjusted life years (DALY), contributing with the 7.4%. This value increases as the DALYs of the transmittable diseases decrease. OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence and associated factors of the major depressive and anxious disorders. METHODS: Data obtained from the IV Mental Health Survey with representation from 5 regions. A computerised interview was conducted, focusing on the most frequent anxiety and depressive disorders, using the CIDI CAPI 3.0. A sample of 10,870 adults over 18 years old was obtained. RESULTS: The lifetime prevalence of any of these disorders is 10.1% (95% CI: 8.8-11.5) in the population between 18 and 44 years, and of 7.7% (95% CI: 6.5-9.1) in those older than 45 years. The prevalence in the last 12 months was 5.1% (95% CI: 4.3-6.0) in the younger group, and 2.3% (95% CI: 1.8-3.0) in the older group. Of the people with evaluated mental disorders, 17.6% (95% CI: 13.1-23.4) had 2 or more disorders, a comorbidity that is more common in the female population (20.4%, 95% CI: 14.2-28.3) than in males (13.5%, 95% CI: 7.9-22.0). Major depressive disorder is the most prevalent of the disorders, with a lifetime prevalence of 4.3% (95% CI: 3.7-5.0). After adjusting in a multivariate model, being divorced or widowed (OR=1.3), previous suicide attempt (OR=3.3), and having 6 or more features of border-line personality, were associated with an increased risk of presenting with any of the studied disorders. CONCLUSIONS: Anxiety and depressive mental disorders are an important health burden in Colombia.

[Design and Implementation of the Data Collection Tools for National Mental Health Survey of Colombia, 2015]. / Diseño e implementación de los instrumentos de recolección de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud Mental Colombia 2015.

INTRODUCTION: Population surveys on mental health are performed as part of the inputs required for the creation, implementation and evaluation of policies related to mental health, worldwide, and as an initiative of the World Health Organisation (WHO). was held The fourth National Survey of Mental Health (ENSM 2015) was carried out during the first half of 2015 on a representative sample of 2,727 children between 7 and 11 years of age, 1,754 adolescents, and 10, 870 adults who were selected throughout the country. OBJECTIVE: To describe the selection and definition of the tools used to measure mental health (including social cognition and violence), problems, mental disorders, and the evaluation of health states, as well as to describe the process used to develop the data collection tools finally used. RESULTS: The measurement of mental disorders in children was performed using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children (DISC), and the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) was used for adolescents and adults. For the remaining components evaluated in the survey, a search was conducted on the tools used at a national and international level. The selection of the toos used for the evaluation was based on the questions made by each tool, as well as the scientific validity that could be obtained from the results. In some cases the complete tool (as published) was used, in other cases the tools were constructed unifying parts of different ones, or questions were written based on the concepts or characteristics to be measured. Subsequently, a validation of content, concept and semantic of every tool was carried out, including the CIDI and DISC. The resulting tools were used on a group of people with different characteristics. It was noted that further clarification was necessary for some people to fully understand what was being asked. Because the collection of all the information in the survey would be computer assisted, a stream format was generated to guide the implementation in Blaise software, after the creation and wording of each tool in order to review the validation process of the survey and to ensure the integrity in the order of questions and their format. Fictitious cases were generated during the process, and volunteers participated in the testing. CONCLUSIONS: The tools for information collection used in the National Survey of Mental Health 2015 are presented.

Prevalencia de trastornos del afecto y de ansiedad en personas con condiciones crónicas. Resultado de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud Mental Colombia 2015 / Prevalence of Mood and Anxiety Disorders on People with Chronic Conditions. Results from the National Mental Health Survey in Colombia 2015

Resumen Introducción: El estudio de trastornos mentales en personas con condiciones crónicas busca reconocer la importancia de buscarlos activamente y tratarlos, dado que las condiciones crónicas tienen mayor prevalencia de trastornos mentales y su comorbilidad genera una carga mayor que la suma de las que cada uno genera. Objetivos: Medir la prevalencia de trastornos del afecto y de ansiedad en la población colombiana de 12 años en adelante sin y con diferentes condiciones crónicas. Métodos: La información analizada corresponde a las observaciones de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud Mental 2015, que consideró un diseño de corte transversal con representatividad nacional y de los grupos de edad de 12-17, 18-44 y ≥ 45 años. Se miden los trastornos del afecto, además de fobia social, ansiedad generalizada y trastorno de pánico, además de diferentes condiciones crónicas. Todas las prevalencias corresponden a los últimos 12 meses. El análisis de resultados incluyó técnicas de tipo univariable y bivariable de estas condiciones, considerando el diseño de muestras complejas utilizado, es decir, los resultados que se presentan se extrapolan a la población colombiana en estudio. Resultados: Las personas con enfermedades del aparato gastrointestinal presentan la mayor prevalencia de trastornos del afecto o de ansiedad, seguidas de las que tienen dolor crónico o enfermedades cardiacas y pulmonares, con prevalencias del 27,1, el 13,3, el 12,2 y el 11,5% de los grupos de 18-44 años y el 15,9, el 12,2, el 8,0 y el 7,4% del ≥ 45 años mayor que la prevalencia de esos trastornos mentales en las personas sin ninguna condición crónica (el 3,5% del grupo más joven y el 1,1% de los mayores). Sin embargo, el riesgo de sufrir trastornos mentales es mayor para las personas de más edad; para los que tienen enfermedades gastrointestinales, la prevalencia es 14,9 veces la de las personas de la misma edad sin ninguna condición crónica, pero con la misma enfermedad es 7,8 veces la del grupo más joven. Conclusiones: Los hallazgos relacionan las condiciones crónicas con mayor prevalencia de trastornos mentales; en el presente estudio se resalta que son las personas de más edad quienes presentan la mayor comorbilidad.

Abstract Introduction: The study of mental disorders in people with chronic conditions recognises the importance of actively seeking and treating both, since chronic conditions have a higher prevalence than mental disorders and their comorbidity generates greater burden than if each one was considered separately. Objectives: To measure the prevalence of mood disorders and anxiety in a Colombian population of 12 years and older and with and without different chronic conditions. Methods: The information is taken from the National Mental Health Survey 2015 in Colombia, which was an observational cross-sectional study with national representativeness for the age groups measured 12-17, 18-44, and 45 and older. Disorders measured where mood disorders and anxiety social phobia, generalised anxiety disorder, and panic disorder in the past 12 months, and several chronic conditions. Univariate and bivariate analyses were performed for these conditions. Results: The highest prevalence of mood and anxiety disorders were found in people with gastrointestinal diseases, followed by those with chronic pain, heart, and lung diseases, which corresponded to 27.1%, 13.3%, 12.2%, and 11.5%, respectively, in those between 18 and 44 years old, and 15.9%, 12.2%, 8.0%, and 7.4% of those 45 and older, respectively. This was greater than the prevalence of these mental disorders in people with no chronic condition, where the prevalence is 3.5% in the younger, and 1.1% in the older group. However, the risk of these mental disorders is higher in older people. Thus, in those with gastrointestinal diseases when compared to people of the same age without any chronic condition the prevalence is 14.9 times higher, but for the same disease in the younger group it is 7.8. Conclusions: These findings link chronic conditions with a higher prevalence of mental disorders, which in the present study also highlights the greater comorbidity of mood and anxiety disorders in the elderly.

Prevalencia de posibles trastornos mentales en niños con condiciones crónicas. Resultado de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud Mental Colombia 2015 / Probable Mental Health Disorders Prevalence in Children With Chronic Conditions. Results From the National Mental Health Survey of Colombia 2015

Resumen Introducción: La prevalencia mundial de condiciones crónicas está en aumento, y este fenómeno abarca a las poblaciones pediátricas. No se ha estudiado lo suficiente la interrelación entre las condiciones crónicas y los problemas de salud mentalen el caso de los niños. Objetivo: Medir la frecuencia de problemas y trastornos mentales en la población colombiana de 7-11 años en función de la presencia o ausencia de condiciones crónicas. Métodos: La información pertenece a la Encuesta Nacional de Salud Mental de Colombia 2015, un estudio observacional de corte transversal, con representatividad nacional para el grupo de 7-11 años. Se midieron los problemas mentales con el cuestionario de reporte de niños (RQC), la prevalencia en los últimos 12 meses de 7 trastornos mentales de interés en esta población utilizando el Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children versión para padres (DISC-P), además de diferentes condiciones crónicas. Se realizó un análisis univariado y estratificado. Resultados: Fue positivo el RQC del 41,6% de los niños sin condiciones crónicas, el 56,7% de los niños con1yel 70,8% de los que tienen 2 o más; los que presentan la mayor prevalencia de síntomas son los que tienen enfermedad pulmonar inflamatoria crónica, seguidos de aquellos con diabetes mellitus y alergias. La prevalencia de uno o más de los trastornos mentales en los niños sin condiciones crónicas es del 3,1%, mientras que en los que tienen por lo menos 1 es del 13,8%. Conclusiones: Se encontró mayor prevalencia de problemas mentales en los niños con condiciones crónicas, lo que justifica profundizar en estudios que aborden este tema y diseñar estrategias de intervención multidisciplinarias para mitigar la dicotomía mente-cuerpo predominante en la práctica clínica.

Abstract Introduction: The prevalence of chronic conditions is increasing globally and this phenomenon covers pediatric populations. There is a relationship between chronic conditions and mental health problems, which has been insufficiently studied in the case of children. Objective: To measure the frequency of problems and mental disorders in the Colombian population between 7 and 11 years, depending on the presence or absence of chronic conditions. Methods: The information pertains to the National Survey of Mental Health of Colombia 2015, an observational cross-sectional nationally representative for the group between 7 and 11 years old. Mental problems where measure with the Reporting Questionnaire for Children (RQC), the 12 month prevalence of seven mental disorders were assessed using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children Version parents (DISC-P) and a list of chronic conditions. Univariate and stratification analysis of the data were performed. Results: 41.6% of the children with no chronic conditions, 56.7% of the children with 1 chronic condition and 70.8% in those with 2 or more have at least one RQC symptom; the highest prevalence of mental health symptoms are those with chronic inflammatory lung disease, followed by diabetes mellitus and allergies. The prevalence of one or more mental disorders in children without chronic conditions is 3.1% while those with at least 1 is 13.8%. Conclusions: A higher prevalence of mental disorders in children and its association with chronic conditions justifies further studies that address this issue and develop strategies with multidisciplinary interventions.

Problemas mentales, trastornos del afecto y de ansiedad en la población desplazada por la violencia en Colombia, resultados de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud Mental 2015 / Mental Problems, Mood and Anxiety Disorders in The Population Displaced by Violence in Colombia; Results of The National Mental Health Survey 2015

Resumen Introducción: Colombia tiene una gran población expuesta a la violencia, con una cifra importante de desplazados por esta, quienes se encuentran en mayor riesgo de vulnerabilidad, por lo que es necesario evaluar en ellos problemas y trastornos mentales para definir intervenciones específicas necesarias. Objetivos: Determinar la prevalencia de problemas y trastornos mentales de la población colombiana desplazada por el conflicto armado interno. Métodos: Datos emanados de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud Mental 2015. Se realizó la entrevista diagnóstica internacional compuesta (CIDI-CAPI) y el Cuestionario de Síntomas (SRQ) como indicador de posible enfermedad psiquiátrica; el consumo de alcohol se evaluó con el test de identificación de trastornos por consumo de alcohol (AUDIT); se diseñó una encuesta basada en la Prueba de Detección de Consumo de Alcohol, Tabaco y Sustancias (ASSIST); se modificó la Lista de Chequeo de Estrés Postraumático (PCL-C) para determinar posible estrés postraumático y se aplicó el Índice Multidimensional de Pobreza (IPM) y el APGAR familiar a los datos generales del individuo y del hogar. Resultados: Se detectó a 943 personas desplazadas por la violencia. Se presenta SQR positivo en el 16,4% (intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC95%], 13,2%-20,1%); la prevalencia de cualquiera de los trastornos mentales medidos (CIDI-CAPI) alguna vez en la vida es del 15,9% (IC95%, 11,9%-21,1%); la de ideación suicida es del 12,5% (IC95%, 9,0%-17,1%); la de consumo de alcohol excesivo, del 10,1% (IC95%, 7,2%-13,9%); el 35,6% (IC95%, 30,7%-40,8%) de las personas reportan que han vivido o presenciado o les han contado que alguien cercano ha tenido un evento traumático relacionado con el conflicto armado; se reporta un mayor riesgo de estrés postraumático en personas desplazadas que han reportado por lo menos un evento traumático (3,6%; IC95%, 2,2%-5,9%); la disfunción familiar en desplazados es ausente (74,8%; IC95%, 70,4%-78,8%). Conclusiones: La población desplazada tiene una alta prevalencia de problemas y trastornos mentales, lo que ratifica la situación de desventaja en que se encuentran

Abstract Introduction: Colombia has a large population exposed to violence. Our data suggest a significant number displaced by the conflict. As there is an increased risk of vulnerability, their problems and mental disorders need to be assessed in order to determine specific treatments. Objectives: To determine the prevalence of problems and mental disorders in those internally displaced by the conflict. Methods: Data was obtained from the National Mental Health Survey 2015. The diagnostic tools used were the composite international diagnosis interview (CIDI-CAPI), Self-reporting questionnaire (SQR). Alcohol consumption was assessed with the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification test (AUDIT). A survey based on the Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) was developed. The modified Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Checklist-Civilian version (PCL-C) was used to determine possible post-traumatic stress Disorder. Multidimensional poverty index (MPI) and Family-Apgar questionnairewere applied to general individual and household data. Results: A total of 943 persons displaced by the conflict were reported, with self-report of symptoms in 16.4 (95% CI, 13.2-20.1). The prevalence of any of the measured mental disorders (CIDI-CAPI) ever in life was 15.9% (95% CI, 11.9-21.1), with a suicidal ideation of 12.5% (95%CI, 9.0-17.1), and excessive alcohol consumption in 10.1% (95% CI, 7.2-13.9). More than one-third (35.6%, (95% CI, 30.7-40.8) of people report having experienced, witnessed, or been told that someone close had had a traumatic event related to the armed conflict. An increased risk of PTSD is reported by 3.6% (95% CI, 2.2-5.9) displaced people that had reported at least one traumatic event. Family dysfunction in the displaced population is absent (74.8% (95%.CI, 70.4-78.8). Conclusions: The displaced population has a high prevalence of problems and mental disorders, which confirms their disadvantaged situation.