Fragment-based discovery of novel phenyltriazolyl derivatives as allosteric type-I1/2 ALK inhibitors with promising antitumor effects.

Based on the high-throughput screening hit BY-1, a series of phenyltriazolyl derivatives were developed. Satisfyingly, most compounds were detected moderate to excellent antitumor effects against Karpas299 and H2228 cells. Among them, 12k bearing 4­hydroxypiperidinyl group exhibited the optimal activities against tested cells with IC50 values of 51 nM and 175 nM, as well as promising inhibitory effects on ALKWT (3.7 nM) and ALKL1196M (6.8 nM). Unlike the conventional type-I ALK inhibitors, molecular models identified 12k as an allosteric type-I1/2 inhibitor by forming key interactions in both the ATP binding region and the hydrophobic back pocket of ALK. Intriguingly, 12k could dose-dependently induce apoptosis on H2228 cell and inhibit colony formation and tumor cell migration. Taken together, the rationalization of 12k may shed new light on the identification of novel allosteric type-I1/2 ALK inhibitors.

Design, synthesis and anti-tumor efficacy of novel phenyl thiazole/triazole derivatives as selective TrkA inhibitors.

Aiming to develop novel tropomyosin receptor kinase A (TrkA) inhibitors, a scaffold hopping strategy was utilized by transforming the fused indazole of Entrectinib to phenyl triazole/thiazole skeleton to obtain compounds 7a-7 h and 13a-13 h. In the light of MTT assay, phenyl triazole derivatives 7a-7 h exhibited moderate anti-proliferative activities against KM-12 cells with the IC50 values of 1.78-17.51 µM, while phenyl thiazole derivatives 13a-13 h showed the weaker efficacy. Further structure-guided optimizations by combining the phenyl triazole skeleton with 3,5­difluorophenyl and 3-carbamoyl-4-piperazinylaniline moiety led to compounds 19a-19d and 20. Eventually, 19c bearing (2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)phenyl)(morpholino)methanone moiety exhibited excellent anti-proliferative activity on TrkA-positive KM-12 cells with IC50 value of 0.17 µM. Meanwhile, compound 19c showed the inhibitory potency on TrkA with IC50 value of 1.6 nM, and displayed higher selectivity on TrkA over TrkB (IC50 = 12.3 nM) and TrkC (IC50 = 18.4 nM). The dedicated wound healing and colony formation assay indicated that the optimal compound 19c could suppress migration and significantly inhibit KM-12 cell colony formation in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, 19c could weakly induce apoptosis of KM-12 cell in immunofluorescent staining analysis. Taken together, the above results suggest 19c as a novel TrkA inhibitor worthy of further profiling.

Design, synthesis and antitumor evaluation of ATP dual-mimic 2,4-diarylaminopyrimidine and aminoindazole conjugates as potent anaplastic lymphoma kinase inhibitors.

A series of hybrid anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitors (Y1∼Y30) were designed by assembling aminoindazole of Entrectinib onto 2-position of 2,4-diarylaminopyrimidine (DAAP) fragment to serve as ATP dual-mimic agents. Under structure-based optimization, all conjugates were detected moderate to excellent cytotoxicity potency, among which the pyrrolidine analog Y28 exerted optimal antiproliferative effects on ALK-addicted cell lines with IC50 values below 20 nM. As a highly potent ALK inhibitor (ALKWT, IC50 = 1.6 nM), Y28 was also capable of suppressing ALK-resistant mutations including ALKL1196M (0.71 nM) and ALKG1202R (1.3 nM). Intriguingly, Y28 turned out to effectively inhibit colony formation and restrain cell migration of H2228 cells in a dose dependent manner. In addition, flow cytometric analysis indicated that Y28 could induce cell apoptosis and achieve cell cycle arrest in G2 phase. Notably, oral administration of Y28 at 50 mg/kg regressed tumor in the H2228 xenograft model with tumor growth inhibition value of 70.46%. Finally, the binding models of Y28 with ALKWT & ALKG1202R within the active site well established its mode of action and accounted for the superior activities as a promising antitumor candidate.

An update on allosteric modulators as a promising strategy targeting histone methyltransferase.

Histone methylation is a vital post-translational modification process in epigenetic regulation. The perturbation of histone methylation accounts for many diseases, including malignant cancers. Although achieving significant advances over past decades, orthosteric inhibitors targeting histone methyltransferases still suffer from challenges on subtype selectivity and acquired drug-resistant mutations. As an alternative, new compounds targeting the evolutionarily less conserved allosteric sites, exemplified by HKMTs and PRMTs inhibitors, offer a promising strategy to address this quandary. Herein, we highlight the allosteric sites and mechanisms in histone methyltransferases along with representative allosteric modulators, expecting to facilitate the discovery of allosteric modulators in favor of epigenetic therapy.

An updated patent review of autotaxin inhibitors (2017-present).

INTRODUCTION: The ATX-LPA axis is an attractive target for therapeutic intervention in a variety of diseases, such as tumor metastasis, fibrosis, pruritus, multiple sclerosis, inflammation, autoimmune conditions, metabolic syndrome, and so on. Accordingly, considerable efforts have been devoted to the development of new chemical entities capable of modulating the ATX-LPA axis. AREAS COVERED: This review aims to provide an overview of novel ATX inhibitors reported in patents from September 2016 to August 2020, discussing their structural characteristics and inhibitory potency in vitro and in vivo. EXPERT OPINION: In the past four years, the classification of ATX inhibitors based on binding modes has brought great benefits to the discovery of more efficacious inhibitors. In addition to GLPG1690 currently in phase III clinical studies for IPF, BBT-877, and BLD-0409 as potent ATX inhibitors have been enrolled in phase I clinical evaluation; meanwhile, many effective molecules were also reported successively. However, most emerging ATX inhibitors in the last four years are closely analogs of previous entities, such as GLPG1690 and PF-8380, which translate into the urgently identification of ATX inhibitors with diverse structural features and promising properties in the near future.

Design, synthesis and anticancer activities of diaryl urea derivatives bearing N-acylhydrazone moiety.

A new series of diaryl urea derivatives bearing N-acylhydrazone moiety were designed and synthesized. All the target compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxic activities in vitro against human lung adenocarcinoma epithelial cell line (A549), human breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231) and human leukemia cell line (HL-60) by standard 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Several compounds (1a, 1f and 1h) were further evaluated against human embryonic fibroblast, lung-derived cell line (WI38). The pharmacological results indicated that some compounds exhibited promising anticancer activities. In particular, compound 1f showed the most potent cytotoxicity against the tested three cell lines with IC(50) values of 0.41 µM, 0.24 µM and 0.23 µM, respectively.

Regulation of the Drosophila melanogaster protein, enhancer of rudimentary, by casein kinase II.

The Drosophila melanogaster gene enhancer of rudimentary, e(r), encodes a conserved protein, ER. Most ER homologs share two casein kinase II (CKII) target sites. In D. melanogaster, these sites are T18 and S24. A third CKII site, T63, has been seen only in drosophilids. The conservation of these CKII sites, particularly T18 and S24, suggests a role for these residues in the function of the protein. To test this hypothesis, these positions were mutated either to alanine as a nonphosphorylated mimic or to glutamic acid as a phosphorylated mimic. The mutations were tested individually or in double or triple combinations for their ability to rescue either a wing truncation characteristic of the genotype e(r)(p1) r(hd1-12) or the synthetic lethal interaction between e(r)(p2) and the Notch allele N(nd-p). All of the substitutions as single mutations rescued both mutant phenotypes, arguing that individually the phosphorylation of the three residues does not affect ER activity. The double mutants T18A-S24A and T18E-S24E and the triple mutants T18A-S24A-T63A and T18E-S24E-T63E failed to rescue. Together the data support the following model for the regulation of ER by CKII. ER that is unphosphorylated at both T18A and S24 is inactive. CKII activates ER by phosphorylating either T18 or S24. Further phosphorylation to produce the doubly phosphorylated protein inactivates ER.

A genome-wide strategy for the identification of essential genes in Staphylococcus aureus.

To address the need for new approaches to antibiotic drug development, we have identified a large number of essential genes for the bacterial pathogen, Staphylococcus aureus, using a rapid shotgun antisense RNA method. Staphylococcus aureus chromosomal DNA fragments were cloned into a xylose-inducible expression plasmid and transformed into S. aureus. Homology comparisons between 658 S. aureus genes identified in this particular antisense screen and the Mycoplasma genitalium genome, which contains 517 genes in total, yielded 168 conserved genes, many of which appear to be essential in M. genitalium and other bacteria. Examples are presented in which expression of an antisense RNA specifically reduces its cognate mRNA. A cell-based, drug-screening assay is also described, wherein expression of an antisense RNA confers specific sensitivity to compounds targeting that gene product. This approach enables facile assay development for high throughput screening for any essential gene, independent of its biochemical function, thereby greatly facilitating the search for new antibiotics.