Photo-on-Demand Base-Catalyzed Phosgenation Reactions with Chloroform: Synthesis of Arylcarbonate and Halocarbonate Esters.

Carbonate esters are utilized as solvents and reagents for C1 building blocks in organic synthesis. This study reports a novel photo-on-demand in situ synthesis of carbonate esters with CHCl3 solutions containing a mixture of an aromatic or haloalkyl alcohol having relatively high acidity, and an organic base. We found that the acid-base interaction of the alcohol and base in the CHCl3 solution plays a key role in enabling the photochemical reaction. This reaction allows practical syntheses of diphenyl carbonate derivatives, haloalkyl carbonates, and polycarbonates, which are important chemicals and materials in industry.

Prevalence of the emerging novel Alongshan virus infection in sheep and cattle in Inner Mongolia, northeastern China.

BACKGROUND: Alongshan virus (ALSV) is a novel discovered segmented flavivirus associated with human febrile illness in northeastern China. Ixodes persulcatus is considered as a candidate vector of ALSV in the endemic regions. However, the role of domesticated animals in the circulation and transmission of ALSV have not been investigated. To evaluate the prevalence of ALSV infections in domesticated animals, viral RNA and viral specific antibodies were detected in sheep and cattle in Hulunbuir of northeastern Inner Mongolia. The findings contribute to the understanding of the ecology and transmission of ALSV among different natural hosts. METHODS: A total of 480 animal serum samples were collected in Hulunbuir of northeastern China in May, 2017. Viral specific antibodies were tested by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with a purified E. coli recombinant capsid protein (VP2) of ALSV (strain H3) and further detected by viral neutralization test (VNT). RNA in serum samples were extracted and detected for ALSV sequence by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. ALSV RNA positive samples were used for virus isolation. RESULTS: ALSV-specific antibodies were detected in 9.2% (22/240) of examined sheep and 4.6% (11/240) of examined cattle by ELISA, while lower serological positivity with 4.2% (10/240) for sheep and 1.7% (4/240) for cattle was confirmed by VNT. In contrast, the prevalence of ALSV RNA was much higher, ranging from 26.3% (63/240) in sheep to 27.5% (66/240) in cattle. The partial S1 (NS5-like) and S3 (NS3-like) segments of ALSVs in sheep and cattle shared high identities of more than 98% to the human and tick isolates in the studied regions. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the natural infection of ALSV can be found in sheep and cattle in the endemic regions.

Study on the Quality Standard of Chinese Mongolian Medicinal Materials Venerates / 世界科学技术-中医药现代化

This paper aimed at studying the physical and chemical properties, general examination and contents of someeffective components of Erratum Mongolia, and to provide scientific basis for the establishment of the quality standard ofvenerates Mongolia. The physical and chemical properties of venerates were identified by microscope and thin layerchromatography, and the general examination of venerates was studied with reference to the appendix of the 2010 editionof People's Republic of China Pharmacopoeia, and the main characteristic components and the active components inErratum were analyzed by HPLC. The content was analyzed and compared. The characters and microscopic identificationconfirmed that all the 7 batches of samples were venerates. The TLC identification was used as the control product ofhermitage, Erratum and restorative. The test products showed the same color spots in the corresponding position of thecontrol products. The spots were clear and the separation degree was good; the water and extracts of the different batch ofvenerates were examined by general terms. The content of ash in the Erratum collected from different regions was notsignificantly different (5.74-6.98％) . The content of the main active ingredients (hermitage) in Erratum from differentareas of the same plant is compared for the first time. The method is simple and reproducible. It provides a scientificbasis for improving the quality standard of Erratum Mongolia, the safe and rational application and the furtherdevelopment and production.

Generating the Nighttime Light of the Human Settlements by Identifying Periodic Components from DMSP/OLS Satellite Imagery.

Nighttime lights of the human settlements (hereafter, "stable lights") are seen as a valuable proxy of social economic activity and greenhouse gas emissions at the subnational level. In this study, we propose an improved method to generate the stable lights from Defense Meteorological Satellite Program/Operational Linescan System (DMSP/OLS) daily nighttime light data for 1999. The study area includes Japan, China, India, and other 10 countries in East Asia. A noise reduction filter (NRF) was employed to generate a stable light from DMSP/OLS time-series daily nighttime light data. It was found that noise from amplitude of the 1-year periodic component is included in the stable light. To remove the amplitude of the 1-year periodic component noise included in the stable light, the NRF method was improved to extract the periodic component. Then, new stable light was generated by removing the amplitude of the 1-year periodic component using the improved NRF method. The resulting stable light was evaluated by comparing it with the conventional nighttime stable light provided by the National Oceanic and Atmosphere Administration/National Geophysical Data Center (NOAA/NGDC). It is indicated that DNs of the NOAA stable light image are lower than those of the new stable light image. This might be attributable to the influence of attenuation effects from thin warm water clouds. However, due to overglow effect of the thin cloud, light area in new stable light is larger than NOAA stable light. Furthermore, the cumulative digital numbers (CDNs) and number of light area pixels (NLAP) of the generated stable light and NOAA/NGDC stable light were applied to estimate socioeconomic variables of population, electric power consumption, gross domestic product, and CO2 emissions from fossil fuel consumption. It is shown that the correlations of the population and CO2FF with new stable light data are higher than those in NOAA stable light data; correlations of the EPC and GDP with NOAA stable light data are higher those in the new stable light data.

A practical solution-phase synthesis of an antagonistic peptide of TNF-α based on hydrophobic tag strategy.

A simple acid-resistant hydrophobic tag, which can be removed rapidly in a single-step procedure after overall peptide synthesis, has been developed to accomplish practical solution-phase synthesis of a 15-mer antagonistic peptide of TNF-α (A-TNF-α). Hydrophobically tagged peptides can be separated as precipitates at each step by addition of a polar organic solvent.