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Background: To evaluate bilateral symmetry and anatomical variations of root morphology of permanent mandibular second molar using systematic evaluation of CBCT scans. Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study involved the mandible which were imaged using serial axial cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) from 680 North Indian patients who visited dental hospital for various reasons unrelated to the study. CBCT Records with presence of bilateral fully erupted permanent mandibular second molars with fully formed apexes were selected. Results: Bilaterally present two root and three canal configurations were most consistently seen (75.88 % and 59.11 %, respectively). The occurrence of two roots with two canals and four canals was 15.14% and 1.61% respectively. Mandibular second molar present with one extra root, radix entomolaris with three canals and four canals was 0.44% and 3.53% while radix paramolaris present with three canals and four canals 1.32% and 1.03% respectively. The occurrence of C-shaped root bilaterally with C shaped canal was 15.88% whereas the presence of one fused root bilaterally was 0.44%. The presence of four roots bilaterally with four canals was identified in only one CBCT scanned image (0.14%). The frequency distribution of root morphology on bilateral symmetrical analysis revealed 98.58 % bilateral symmetry. Conclusions: In 402 CBCT scans, bilateral presence of two roots with three canals was the most typical root structure seen in mandibular second molars (59.11%). A rare variation found was the presence of four roots occurring bilaterally, seen in only 1 CBCT scan. Bilateral symmetrical analysis of root morphology revealed 98.58 % bilateral symmetry. Key words:Anatomic root variations, mandibular second molar, Cone Beam Computed Tomography scans, bilateral symmetry.
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Background: The aim of the study was to compare the efficacy of different irrigation and irrigant activation system used as an adjuvant to retreatment rotary files in removal of gutta-percha and sealer from endodontic retreatment using Micro-CT. Method: 64 extracted permanent maxillary central incisor teeth with single canal, were collected and decoronated to standard length of 16 mm. Instrumentation was done using rotary files and obturation was performed using GuttaCore and AH plus sealer. After setting of sealer, initial removal of filling material was performed using ProTaper universal retreatment files (D1, D2, D3). All 64 sample were randomised into four groups (n = 16) Group1: Endodontic syringe irrigation, Group 2: Passive Ultasonic Irrigation (PUI), Group 3: EndoActivator, and Group 4: EndoVac. Micro-CT scanning was performed after obturation, initial removal of filling material by retreatment file and after using experimental protocols of each group, and volume of remaining filling material was calculated using Dolphin software. Statistical analysis performed with one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc. Results: A significant reduction in the volume of residual obturation material were found between each group. PUI was superior to the sonic (EndoActivator), negative pressure irrigation technique (EndoVac) and positive pressure irrigation at the coronal, middle third and apical third of the root canal. However, none of the supplementary techniques were able to completely remove the residual obturation material. Conclusion: PUI and EndoActivator were found better in remaining filling material removal, demonstrating clinically useful as supplementary technique in removing remaining obturation material during endodontic retreatment.
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BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Ever since the vaccination drive for COVID-19 has started in India, the citizens have been sharing their views on social media about it. The present study examines the attitude of Indian citizens towards the side effects of the COVID-19 vaccine. METHODS: Social media posts were used for this research. Using Python, we have collected social media posts of Indians focusing on side effects of COVID -19 vaccines. In study one, sentimental analysis was done to find overall attitude of Indian citizens towards the side effects of COVID-19 vaccine and in study two, topic modeling done to analyze the major side effects voiced out by the citizens after taking COVID-19 vaccine. RESULTS: The studies conducted have revealed that nearly 78.5% of tweets posted by Indian citizens about the side effects of the COVID-19 vaccine were either in neutral or positive sentiments. Our topic modeling studies have found that fear of efficiency in the workplace and the fear of death as the prime two issues that contributes Indian citizens to have negative sentiment about the side effects of the COVID-19 vaccine. CONCLUSION: While it is important for the Indian government to actively encourage its citizens to have vaccine, it is also important to help the citizens understand the important of the vaccination program. The best way to educate citizens regarding the positive aspect of the vaccination program is by addressing the fears, Indian citizens have voiced in their social media post about the COVID-19 vaccines.
