Association between maternal fasting glucose levels throughout pregnancy and preschoolers' refractive errors.

PURPOSE: We aimed to investigate the association between maternal fasting plasma glucose (FPG) trajectories during pregnancy and children's refractive errors at 6 years old. DESIGN: Based on the Ma'anshan Birth Cohort (MABC) in China, a total of 1987 mother-child pairs were included in this study. METHODS: Using the group-based trajectory model, trajectory fitting was performed on fasting blood glucose levels during the first, second, and third trimesters of pregnancy. Children's vision was measured at 6 years of age using the standard logarithmic visual acuity E-chart and cycloplegic refraction examination. Logistic regression models and multi-informant generalized estimating equations were used to analyze the association between maternal blood glucose level and 6-year-old children's visual acuity. RESULTS: Children born of mothers with high level FPG trajectory had a higher risk of developing refractive error [OR=1.46 (95% CI 1.08 1.97)], hypermetropia [OR=1.64 (95% CI 1.09, 2.46)] and astigmatism [OR=1.60 (95% CI 1.06, 2.41)] at age six compared to those with low level trajectory. Maternal blood glucose level in the first [ß=-0.012 (95% CI -0.024, -0.001)] and the second [ß=-0.016 (95% CI -0.025, -0.006)] trimesters was associated with 6 year children's distance vision value. CONCLUSIONS: High level of fasting plasma glucose trajectories during pregnancy has been observed to be associated with 6-year-old children's refractive error, hypermetropia and astigmatism. The first and the second trimesters may be critical periods for the effects of maternal blood glucose on children's vision. The long-term effect of maternal glucose metabolism on children's visual development deserves further study.

Prospective study of the association between chronotypes and depressive symptoms in Chinese university students: Moderating effects of PER1 gene DNA methylation.

Most studies have shown a link between chronotypes and mental health and have identified evening chronotypes (E-types) as a potential risk for depressive symptoms. However, the mechanisms behind this association remain unknown. Abnormal expression of the PER1 gene was not only associated with circadian rhythm disturbance, but also closely related to mental illness. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the association of chronotype with depressive symptoms, and further explore the moderating effects of the PER1 gene DNA methylation on chronotypes and depressive symptoms in Chinese university students. In a stratified cluster sampling design, chronotype and depressive symptoms were assessed in 1 042 university students from 2 universities in a two-year prospective survey from April 2019 to October 2020. The survey was conducted once every 6 months, corresponding to the time points in April 2019 (T0), October 2019 (T1), April 2020 (T2), and October 2020 (T3). At T0, the Morning and Evening Questionnaire 5 (MEQ-5) was adopted to assess chronotype. At T0-T3, the Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ-9) was adopted to investigate depressive symptoms. Meanwhile, at T0, participants were subjected to a health check-up trip in the hospital, and blood samples were taken from the students to measure the PER1 gene DNA methylation levels. Binary logistic regression was used to analyze the association of chronotypes with depressive symptoms. The depression/total depression group was coded as 1, while the remaining participants was defined as one group, and was coded as 0. The PROCESS plug-in of SPSS software was used to analyze the moderating effects of PER1 gene DNA methylation on the association of chronotype with depressive symptoms. After adjusting for covariates, the results indicated that T0 E-types were positively correlated with T0-T3 depression/total depression in female university students. Furthermore, the PER1 gene DNA methylation has negative moderating effects between T0 chronotype and T3 depressive symptoms and has a sex difference. This study can provide more favorable scientific value for the prevention and control of depression in university students.

Impact of Gestational Exposure to Individual and Combined Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances on a Placental Structure and Efficiency: Findings from the Ma'anshan Birth Cohort.

Prenatal exposure to perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) is inevitable among pregnant women. Nevertheless, there is a scarcity of research investigating the connections between prenatal PFAS exposure and the placental structure and efficiency. Based on 712 maternal-fetal dyads in the Ma'anshan Birth Cohort, we analyzed associations between individual and mixed PFAS exposure and placental measures. We repeatedly measured 12 PFAS in the maternal serum during pregnancy. Placental weight, scaling exponent, chorionic disc area, and disc eccentricity were used as the outcome variables. Upon adjusting for confounders and implementing corrections for multiple comparisons, we identified positive associations between branched perfluorohexane sulfonate (br-PFHxS) and 6:2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (6:2 Cl-PFESA) with placental weight. Additionally, a positive association was observed between br-PFHxS and the scaling exponent, where a higher scaling exponent signified reduced placental efficiency. Based on neonatal sex stratification, female infants were found to be more susceptible to the adverse effects of PFAS exposure. Mixed exposure modeling revealed that mixed PFAS exposure was positively associated with placental weight and scaling exponent, particularly during the second and third trimesters. Furthermore, br-PFHxS and 6:2 Cl-PFESA played major roles in the placental measures. This study provides the first epidemiological evidence of the relationship between prenatal PFAS exposure and placental measures.

Associations between sleep problems and cardiometabolic risk in maintenance hemodialysis patients: A multicenter study.

The incidence of cardiovascular disease is increasing around the world, and it is one of the main causes of death in chronic kidney diseases patients. It is urgent to early identify the factors of cardiometabolic risk. Sleep problems have been recognized as a risk factor for cardiometabolic risk in both healthy people and chronic patients. However, the relationship between sleep problems and cardiometabolic risk has not been clearly explored in hemodialysis patients. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between sleep problems and cardiometabolic risk in 3025 hemodialysis patients by a multicenter study. After adjusting for confounders, binary logistic regression models showed that hemodialysis patients reported sleep duration greater than 7 h were more likely to be with hypertension, hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and hypercholesterolemia. Patients reported sleep duration less than 7 h were more likely to be with hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia, but the risks of hyperglycemia and Low HDL-cholesterol were decreased. Poor sleep quality was negatively correlated to low HDL cholesterol and hypertriglyceridemia. Moreover, gender-based differences were explained.

Association of different sleep characteristics and cardiometabolic risk in college students / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To describe the association of different sleep characteristics and cardiometabolic risk among college students, so as to provide reference for health promotion of college students.@*Methods@#By random cluster sampling method, a questionnaire survey and physical examination including blood pressure, waist circumference and blood lipid indicators, which were conducted in April and May of 2019 among a total of 1 179 college students from the first grade in two universities in Hefei City of Anhui Province and Shangrao City of Jiangxi Province. A total of 729 college students with valid questionnaires were included into analysis. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) were used to investigate sleep behavior, and the Morning And Evening Questionnaire-5 (MEQ-5) was used to investigate sleep characteristics. The cardiometabolic risk score was derived using the sum of the standardized sex specific Z scores of waist circumference, mean arterial pressure, HDL cholesterol (multiplied by -1), triglycerides, and insulin resistance index. The rank sum tests were used to compare differences in cardiometabolic risk scores across demographic characteristics. Generalized linear models were used to compare the association of different sleep characteristics with cardiometabolic risk scores among college students.@*Results@#The average cardiovascular metabolic risk score of college students was -0.32(-2.03, 1.58). There were statistically significant differences in cardiovascular metabolic risk scores among college students in variables such as smoking, health status, and physical activity levels ( t/F=-3.41, 12.88, 51.07, P <0.01). The results of the generalized linear model showed that nighttime preference ( B=1.89, 95%CI =1.02-3.49), insomnia symptoms ( B=3.25, 95%CI =1.79-5.90), and short or long sleep duration ( B=1.92, 95%CI =1.21-3.05) were positively correlated with the cardiovascular metabolic risk score of college students ( P <0.05).@*Conclusions@#Poor sleep patterns among college students are positively correlated with the risk of cardiovascular metabolism. The sleep behavior of college students should be actively changed to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease.

Research progress on lifestyle related dry eye in children and adolescents / 中国学校卫生

Abstract@#Dry eye is a multifactorial ocular surface disease characterized by tear film homeostasis imbalance, which usually causes eye discomfort and visual impairment. With the change of environment and lifestyle, the incidence of dry eye in children and adolescents has risen steadily. Epidemiological studies have confirmed that the incidence of dry eye is closely related to unhealthy lifestyle. Prevention should be given great priority to in avoiding lifestyle related dry eye. The review summarizes the definition, epidemiology, risk factors and preventive measures of lifestyle related dry eye, so as to provide a theoretical basis for improving the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of lifestyle related dry eye in children and adolescents.

Prospective study of the association between chronotype and cardiometabolic risk among Chinese young adults.

BACKGROUND: The association of evening chronotype with cardiometabolic disease has been well established. However, the extent to which circadian rhythm disturbances independently result in risk remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the cross-sectional and prospective longitudinal associations between chronotype and cardiometabolic risk among Chinese young adults. METHODS: From April to May 2019, a total of 1 135 young adults were selected to complete the self-administered questionnaire, and 744 fasting blood samples were collected to quantify cardiometabolic parameters. From April to May 2021, 340 fasting blood samples were collected to quantify cardiometabolic parameters. The Morning and Evening Questionnaire 5 (MEQ-5) was used to assess chronotype. The cardiometabolic (CM)-risk score was the sum of standardized Z scores based on gender for the 5 indicators: waist circumference (WC), mean arterial pressure (MAP), triglyceride (TG), homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), where the HDL-C is multiplied by-1. The generalized linear model was used to determine the cross-sectional and prospective longitudinal associations between chronotype and each cardiometabolic parameter. RESULTS: Cross-sectional association analysis showed that lower MEQ-5 scores were correlated with higher fasting insulin (ß=-1.420, 95%CI: -2.386~-0.453), higher HOMA-IR (ß=-0.301, 95%CI: -0.507~-0.095), and higher CM risk score (ß=-0.063, 95%CI: -0.122~-0.003), even after adjustment for covariates. Prospective longitudinal association analysis also showed that lower MEQ-5 scores were associated with 2 years later higher fasting glucose (ß=-0.018, 95%CI: -0.034~-0.003), higher fasting insulin (ß=-0.384, 95%CI: -0.766~-0.003), higher HOMA-IR (ß=-0.089, 95%CI: -0.176~-0.002), and higher CM-risk score (ß=-0.109, 95%CI: -0.214~-0.003) after adjustment for covariates. CONCLUSIONS: Evening chronotype was significantly correlated with higher CM risk among young adults. Our findings suggest that biologically and socially affected sleep timing misalignment is a contributing factor to cardiovascular disease risk.

Could long-term dialysis vintage and abnormal calcium, phosphorus and iPTH control accelerate aging among the maintenance hemodialysis population?

OBJECTIVE: Aging is a complex process of physiological dysregulation of the body system and is common in hemodialysis patients. However, limited studies have investigated the links between dialysis vintage, calcium, phosphorus, and iPTH control and aging. The purpose of the current study was to examine these associations. METHODS: During 2020, a cross-sectional study was conducted in 3025 hemodialysis patients from 27 centers in Anhui Province, China. Biological age was calculated by a formula using chronological age and clinical indicators. The absence of the target range for serum phosphorus (0.87-1.45 mmol/L), corrected calcium (2.1-2.5 mmol/L) and iPTH (130-585 pg/mL) were identified as abnormal calcium, phosphorus, and iPTH control. RESULTS: A total of 1131 hemodialysis patients were included, 59.2% of whom were males (669/1131). The mean (standard deviation) of actual age and biological age were 56.07 (12.79) years and 66.94 (25.88), respectively. The median of dialysis vintage was 4.3 years. After adjusting for the confounders, linear regression models showed patients with abnormal calcium, phosphorus, and iPTH control and on hemodialysis for less than 4.3 years (B = 0.211, p = .002) or on hemodialysis for 4.3 years or more (B = 0.302, p < .001), patients with normal calcium, phosphorus, and iPTH control and on hemodialysis for 4.3 years or more (B = 0.087, p = .013) had a higher biological age. CONCLUSION: Our findings support the hypothesis that long-term hemodialysis and abnormal calcium, phosphorus, and iPTH control may accelerate aging in the hemodialysis population. Further studies are warrant to verify the significance of maintaining normal calcium-phosphorus metabolism in aging.

[Association between changes in physical activity and comorbid symptoms of anxiety and depression in college students].

OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence of physical activity and comorbid symptoms of anxiety and depression in college students, and to explore the correlation strength between changes in physical activity and comorbid symptoms of anxiety and depression, so as to provide a reference for promoting college students' mental health. METHODS: From April to May 2019, 1179 freshmen majoring in public health, nursing, chemistry and physical education were randomly sampled from one university in Hefei City, Anhui Province, and Shangrao City, Jiangxi Province, respectively. A baseline questionnaire survey was conducted. A follow-up survey was conducted in May 2021, and a total of 1046 subjects were included, including 647 female and 399 male. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form was used to evaluate the physical activity level of college students, and the Patient Health Questionnaire and Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale were used to evaluate the anxiety and depression symptoms of college students during follow-up. Determining the coexistence of anxiety and depression symptoms in college students as anxiety-depression comorbid symptoms. RESULTS: In the follow-up survey, the detection rate of anxiety and depression comorbid symptoms of college students was 16.9%(n=177), and the detection rates of sufficient, decreased, increased, and insufficient physical activity changes were 72.5%(n=758), 13.8%(n=144), 9.2%(n=96), and 4.6%(n=48), respectively. The result of multiple Logistic regression model showed that, after controlling for confounding factors, compared with those with sustained high level of physical activity, i. e. , adequate physical activity, increased physical activity(OR=1.89, 95%CI 1.10-3.25), decreased physical activity(OR =2.80, 95% CI 1.72-4.57), and insufficient physical activity(OR = 3.66, 95% CI 1.85-7.23) increased the risk of anxiety-depression comorbidity symptoms of college students(P<0.05). However, there was no significant increase in the risk of anxiety or depressive symptoms in those who increased, decreased, or insufficient physical activity compared with those who were sufficient physical activity(P>0.05). CONCLUSION: The level of physical activity and its changes are related to mental health of college students. The continuous low level of physical activity is associated with the increased risk of comorbidity of anxiety and depression in college students.

Patterns of smartphone usage associated with depressive symptoms in nursing students.

Introduction: Rather than focusing on the activities that the smartphone has been used for, the existing literature frequently focuses on the association between problematic use of smartphone independent of the content of use (self-reported) and depressive symptoms in youth. This study aims to explore patterns of smartphone usage and the association with depressive symptoms in nursing students. Methods: This cross-sectional study of nursing freshmen (n = 1, 716) was conducted between October and November 2018. Participants were recruited from three Chinese public medical universities using stratified cluster sampling. Self-rated frequency of 12 different smartphone activities over the preceding week was evaluated. Depressive symptoms were assessed by using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Results: Of the 1,716 students recruited, 1,424 (83.0%) were girls, and the mean [SD] age was 18.90 [1.39] years. Using principal component analysis (PCA), two typical usage patterns were indicated. The "entertainment pattern" factor included a high frequency of streaming images or videos, searching for information, chatting online, online shopping, downloading, reading online, checking social media sites, taking pictures or videos, and playing games. The "communication pattern" had a high frequency of emailing, texting, and calling. Using logistic regression models, the association between smartphone usage patterns and depressive symptoms was tested. The "communication pattern" was significantly associated with a 53% increase in the odds of moderate and above depressive symptoms (AOR = 1.529; 95% CI = 1.286-1.818; p < 0.001), controlling for a set of socio-demographic and smartphone use covariates. Discussion: This study provides insights into how the patterns of smartphone usage are associated with the severity of depressive symptoms in nursing students. It indicates that it may primarily be how we use our smartphones rather than how much we use them that poses a risk for depression.

Association Between Comorbid Anxiety and Depression and Health Risk Behaviors Among Chinese Adolescents: Cross-Sectional Questionnaire Study.

BACKGROUND: Comorbidity of psychiatric disorders such as depression and anxiety is very common among children and adolescents. Few studies have examined how comorbid anxiety and depression are associated with health risk behaviors (HRBs) in adolescents, which could inform preventative approaches for mental health. OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the association between HRBs and comorbid anxiety and depression in a large adolescent cohort. METHODS: We used data from 22,868 adolescents in the National Youth Cohort (China). Anxiety and depression symptoms were assessed using the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire scale and the 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale, respectively. Comorbidity was determined by the coexistence of anxiety and depression. HRBs including poor diet, smoking, physical inactivity, and poor sleep, as well as the above HRB scores, were added to obtain the total HRB score (HRB risk index). Based on single and total HRB scores, we divided participants into low-, medium-, and high-risk groups. Potential confounders included gender, presence of siblings, regional economic level, educational status, self-rated health, parental education level, self-reported family income, number of friends, learning burden, and family history of psychosis. Correlation analysis was used to explore associations between single risk behaviors. Binary logistic regression estimated the association between HRBs and anxiety-depression comorbidity before and after adjusting for potential confounders. RESULTS: The comorbidity rate of anxiety and depression among Chinese adolescents was 31.6% (7236/22,868). There was a statistically significant association between each HRB (P<.05), and HRBs were positively associated with comorbid anxiety and depression in the above population. For single HRBs, adolescents with poor diet, smoking, and poor sleep (medium-risk) were more prone to anxiety-depression comorbidity after adjusting for confounders compared to low-risk adolescents. However, adolescents with all high-risk HRBs were more likely to have comorbid anxiety and depression after adjusting for confounders (poor diet odds ratio [OR] 1.50, 95% CI 1.39-1.62; smoking OR 2.17, 95% CI 1.67-2.81; physical inactivity OR 1.16, 95% CI 1.06-1.28; poor sleep OR 1.84, 95% CI 1.70-2.01). Moreover, in both unadjusted (medium risk OR 1.79, 95% CI 1.56-2.05; high risk OR 3.09, 95% CI 2.72-3.52) and adjusted (medium risk OR 1.57, 95% CI 1.37-1.80; high risk OR 2.33, 95% CI 2.03-2.68) models, HRB risk index, like clustered HRBs, was positively associated with anxiety-depression comorbidity, and the strength of the association was stronger than for any single HRB. In addition, we found that compared to girls, the association between clustered HRBs and anxiety-depression comorbidity was stronger in boys after adjustment. CONCLUSIONS: We provide evidence that HRBs are related to comorbid anxiety and depression. Interventions that decrease HRBs may support mental health development in adolescence, with the potential to improve health and well-being through to adulthood.

Trimester-specific effects of maternal exposure to single and mixed metals on cord serum inflammatory cytokines levels: A prospective birth cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Cord blood inflammatory cytokines are vital in early-life programming. An increasing number of studies concern the effect of maternal exposure to different metal elements during pregnancy on inflammatory cytokines, but limited studies have explored the association between maternal exposure to mixed metals and cord blood inflammatory cytokine levels. METHODS: We measured serum concentrations of vanadium (V), copper (Cu), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and barium (Ba) in the first, second, and third trimesters and eight cord serum inflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-17A, and TNF-α) in 1436 mother-child dyads from the Ma'anshan Birth Cohort. Generalized linear models and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) were performed to assess the association of single and mixed metal exposure during each trimester with cord serum inflammatory cytokine levels, respectively. RESULTS: Regarding metal exposure in the first trimester, V was positively associated with TNF-α (ß = 0.33, 95 % CI: 0.13, 0.53); Cu was positively associated with IL-8 (ß = 0.23, 95 % CI: 0.07, 0.39); Ba was positively associated with IFN-γ and IL-6; As was negatively associated with IFN-γ and IL-17A; and Cd was negatively associated with IFN-γ, IL-1ß, IL-12p70, IL-17A, and TNF-α. BKMR revealed that exposure to metal mixtures in the first trimester was positively associated with IL-8 and TNF-α but negatively associated with IL-17A. Moreover, V contributed the most to these associations. Interaction effects were observed between Cd and As and between Cd and Cu with IL-8, and between Cd and V with IL-17A. Among males, As decreased inflammatory cytokines; among females, Cu increased inflammatory cytokine levels, whereas Cd decreased inflammatory cytokine concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: Maternal exposure to metal mixtures in the first trimester interfered with cord serum inflammatory cytokine levels. The associations of maternal exposure to As, Cu and Cd with inflammatory cytokines showed sex differences. Further studies are warranted to support the findings and explore the mechanism of the susceptibility window and sex-specific disparity.

Smartphone Use and Inflammation at 2-Year Follow-Up in College Students: The Mediating Role of Physical Activity.

Purpose: Smartphone use could lead to being physically inactive and a greater risk for health problems, such as inflammation. However, the associations between smartphone use, physical activity (PA), and systemic low-grade inflammation remained unclear. This study aimed to examine the potential mediating effect of PA on the association between smartphone use and inflammation. Patients and Methods: A two-year follow-up study was conducted between April 2019 and April 2021. Duration of smartphone use, smartphone dependence and PA were assessed by a self-administered questionnaire. Laboratory analysis of blood samples was performed to evaluate the levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1ß, and CRP as biomarkers of systemic inflammation. The correlations between smartphone use, PA, and inflammation were analyzed using Pearson correlation. Structural equation modelling was used to analyze the potential mediating effect of PA on the associations between smartphone use and inflammation. Results: A total of 210 participants were included with a mean (standard deviation) age of 18.7 (1.0) years, 82 (39%) of whom were males. Smartphone dependence was negatively associated with the total PA level (r=-0.18, P<0.01). PA mediated the associations between the duration of smartphone use and smartphone dependence with inflammatory markers. Specifically, as PA decreased, the duration of smartphone use was more negatively associated with TNF-α (ab=-0.027; 95% CI: -0.052, -0.007) and more positively correlated to IL-6 (ab=0.020; 95% CI: 0.001, 0.046) and CRP (ab=0.038; 95% CI: 0.004, 0.086); smartphone dependency was more negatively associated with TNF-α (ab=-0.139; 95% CI: -0.288, -0.017) and more positively related to CRP (ab=0.206; 95% CI: 0.020, 0.421). Conclusion: Our study illustrates that there are no direct associations between smartphone use and systemic low-grade inflammation, however, PA level plays a weak but significant mediating effect on the associations between smartphone use and inflammation among college students.

Poor sleep pattern is associated with metabolic disorder during transition from adolescence to adulthood.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether sleep pattern is associated with metabolic disorders among young adults. Methods: We measured sleep patterns using multiple sleep behaviors in an ongoing prospective cohort among college students (n = 1,151). At baseline, 729 college students provided fasting blood samples and human body morphological measurements for quantification of metabolic parameters. Then, 340 participants continued to take metabolic parameters measurements at a 2-year follow-up. Sleep patterns were defined by chronotype, sleep duration, insomnia, snoring, and daytime sleepiness. Metabolic scores were derived for four metabolic parameters including body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), fasting blood sugar (FBG), and insulin. Multivariate linear regression model was applied to analyze the association between sleep pattern types and metabolic parameters and metabolic scores. Results: In the baseline survey, we found that a total of 41 (4.1%) participants had poor sleep patterns. Then, metabolic scores were significantly higher among college students with poor sleep patterns, compared with those who with healthy sleep patterns at baseline (1.00 ± 0.96 vs. 0.78 ± 0.72, p < 0.05) and 2-year follow-up (0.34 ± 0.65 vs. 1.50 ± 1.64, p < 0.05). After covariates were adjusted, poor sleep pattern (ß = 0.22, 95% CI: 0.06~2.53, p = 0.001) was associated with elevated metabolic scores at the 2-year follow-up. Conclusions: The elevated metabolic burden observed in college students with poor sleep patterns highlights the need to identify and address sleep problems in order to minimize the long-term impact on disease vulnerability.

Insomnia trajectories predict chronic inflammation over 2 years at the transition to adulthood.

Insomnia in adolescents is an important public health concern, as its impacts on both their current and future physical and mental health has been discussed. However, few longitudinal studies have examined insomnia and chronic inflammation at the transition from adolescence to adulthood. This study aimed to examine the predictive effects of insomnia and insomnia trajectories on inflammation in college students by using a prospective design. Using data from the College Student Behaviour and Health Cohort Study, which was conducted between April 2019 and April 2021, with an interval of 6 months. We investigated the associations between insomnia trajectories from Year 1 to Year 3 and five inflammatory biomarkers (C-reactive protein [CRP], tumour necrosis factor [TNF]-α, interleukin [IL]-6, IL-1ß, IL-10) at Year 3. The association of insomnia symptoms at baseline, Wave 1 or Wave 2 with inflammatory biomarkers at Wave 4 were also assessed. A total of 312 college students (males: 51.6%) aged 16-26 years (mean [SD] 18.82 [1.22] years) were analysed. We identified two insomnia trajectory classes: increasing insomnia (n = 63 [20.2%]) and decreasing insomnia (n = 249 [79.8%]). Generalised linear model analysis revealed that insomnia symptoms at Wave 1 were associated with significantly elevated CRP and TNF-α levels at Wave 4. Increasing insomnia trajectories predicted consistently higher levels of CRP, TNF-α and IL-10. However, after adjusting for potential confounders, these associations were significantly attenuated. Overall, the findings suggest that insomnia symptoms affect chronic inflammation at the transition to adulthood. Our study needs to be replicated in larger cohorts to further explore how inflammation interacts with insomnia to increase the susceptibility to adverse health conditions.

Association between sleep-wake schedules and myopia among Chinese school-aged children and adolescents: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between sleep-wake schedules and self-reported myopia in the pediatric population. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study in 2019, school-aged children and adolescents in the Baoan District of Shenzhen City were sampled using a stratified cluster sampling approach. Sleep-wake schedules of children were determined by a self-administered questionnaire. The age that participants first reported using myopia correction glasses or contact lenses was used to identify those with myopia. Pearson χ2 test was used to examine differences in myopia prevalence among participants with different characteristics. Multivariate logistic regression, adjusted for potential confounding variables, was applied to examine the relationship between sleep-wake schedule and risk of self-reported myopia, and a stratification analysis by school grade was also performed. RESULTS: A total of 30,188 students were recruited. In this study, the overall prevalence of myopia was 49.8%, with prevalence rates of 25.6%, 62.4%, and 75.7% for primary, junior high, and senior high school students, respectively. Students with irregular sleep-wake times reported a higher prevalence of myopia than those with regular sleep-wake times. Nighttime sleep duration of < 7 hours/day (h/d) (OR = 1.27, 95%CI: 1.17-1.38), no daytime nap (OR = 1.10, 95%CI: 1.03-1.18), irregular weekday bedtime (OR = 1.11, 95%CI: 1.05-1.17), irregular weekday wake time (OR = 1.21, 95%CI: 1.12-1.30), weekend bedtime delayed > = 1 h/d (OR = 1.20, 95%CI: 1.11-1.29, P < 0.001), weekend wake time delayed > = 1 h/d (OR = 1.11, 95%CI: 1.03-1.19), irregular sleep-wake time on weekdays (OR = 1.13, 95%CI: 1.07-1.19), and social jetlag > = 1 h (OR = 1.08, 95%CI: 1.03-1.14) were likely to be associated with increased risks of self-reported myopia after adjusting age, sex, grade, parental education level, family income, parental myopia, academic record, and academic workload. When stratified by school grade, we observed that nighttime sleep duration < 7 h/d, no daytime naps, and irregular sleep-wake time on weekdays were significantly associated with self-reported myopia in primary school students. CONCLUSION: Insufficient sleep and irregular sleep-wake schedules can increase the risk of self-reported myopia in children and adolescents.

Association between healthy sleep patterns and depressive trajectories among college students: a prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to identify different develpment trajectories of depression symptoms during college period, and prospectively investigate the associations healthy sleep patterns with trajectories of depression symptoms among college students from freshman through junior year. METHODS: A total of 999 participants from the College Student Behavior and Health Cohort Study were included between April 2019 and June 2021. Healthy sleep patterns were defined by chronotype, sleep duration, insomnia, snoring, and daytime sleepiness. Latent growth curve model was used to identify trajectories of depression symptoms. Then binary logistic regression was used to examine association of the healthy sleep patterns with these trajectories. RESULTS: In baseline survey, we found that a total of 100 (10.0%) participants had healthy sleep patterns' score equal to 5. Then, we used 5 surveys' data to identify 2 distinct trajectories of depression symptoms during college (decreasing: 82.5%; increasing: 17.5%). The healthy sleep patterns were associated with these trajectories, the better healthy sleep patterns significantly decrease the risk of increasing trajectories of depression symptoms in males (OR: 0.72, 95%CI: 0.54 ~ 0.97, P = 0.031). Moreover, we found out that the healthy sleep patterns of college students can predict the future depressive symptoms in this study (all P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that the better healthy sleep patterns may significantly decrease the risk of increasing trajectory of depression symptoms only in male college students. The results speak to a need for college student with depression symptoms to identify and address sleep problems when present, which could prevent or reduce depression detriments in later life.

Validation of the Self-Rating of Biological Rhythm Disorder for Adolescents (SBRDA) Scale by Dim Light Melatonin Onset in Healthy Young Adults.

Understanding the biological rhythms that influence young adult health is vital because the combination of biological changes and a circadian phase delay lead to young adults being at high risk of circadian misalignment. We have previously established a self-rating of biological rhythm disorder for adolescents (SBRDA). However, we did not externally validate the SBRDA against objective measures of biological rhythms such as dim light melatonin onset (DLMO)-the gold standard of the endogenous circadian phase. The purpose of this study was to verify the effectiveness of SBRDA in identifying individuals with biological rhythm disorders. Our participants were 42 (47.2%) boys and 47 (52.8%) girls with an average age of 18.5 ± 1.2 years. Saliva samples were collected from 4 h before bed time to 2 h after sleep every 60 min in a dim-light (<50 lx) laboratory environment. Biological rhythm parameters were assessed using questionnaires, including SBRDA, MEQ, and MCTQ. The mean DLMO time (h) was 22.2 ± 1.9. The DLMO correlated significantly with the SBRDA score (r = 0.33, p < 0.001), MEQ score (r = -0.24, p < 0.05), and MSFsc (r = 0.26, p < 0.05). ROC curve analysis showed that SBRDA was of diagnostic value for biological rhythm disorder (p < 0.05). Our observations demonstrate that SBRDA, which is consistent with MEQ and MCTQ, can be used to reflect endogenous circadian rhythm disorders in young adults. Exposure to dim light may activate melatonin secretion and lead to an earlier peak in young adults with biological rhythm disorder.

Moderating effects of PER3 gene DNA methylation on the association of sleep quality with mental health in Chinese young adults.

BACKGROUND: Poor sleepers have a higher prevalence of mental health problems, and vice versa. However, the mechanisms underlying this association remain unknown. We aimed to examine the bidirectional association between sleep quality and mental health, and further explore the moderating effects of PER3 gene DNA methylation on the association. METHODS: This prospective longitudinal study was conducted from April 2019 to May 2021, integrated questionnaire and blood sample data from 2 universities in Anhui and Jiangxi Provinces. The current study recruited 1179 young adults at baseline and conducted the follow-up survey among 1135 half a year later. The sleep quality and depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and stress symptoms were assessed using a questionnaire at baseline and follow-up. Blood samples were collected at baseline, and MethyTarget™ was used to detect the PER3 gene DNA methylation level. A cross-lag model was used to examine the bidirectional association between sleep quality and mental health. The PROCESS plug-in of SPSS software was used to analyse the moderating effects of PER3 gene DNA methylation. RESULTS: Cross-lagged analyses suggested a significant bidirectional relationship between poor sleep quality and depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and stress symptoms. Sleep quality at baseline was a significant predictor of depressive symptoms (ß = 0.344, P < 0.001), anxiety symptoms (ß = 0.348, P < 0.001), and stress symptoms (ß = 0.324, P < 0.001) half a year later. Depressive symptoms (ß = 0.049, P < 0.001), anxiety symptoms (ß = 0.055, P < 0.001), and stress symptoms (ß = 0.063, P < 0.001) at baseline were also significant predictors of poor sleep quality half a year later. Furthermore, PER3 gene DNA methylation has negative moderating effects between sleep quality at baseline and depressive symptoms (ß = -11.706, P = 0.012), anxiety symptoms (ß = -10.289, P = 0.019), and stress symptoms (ß = -10.799, P = 0.024) half a year later and a sex difference. Among boys, PER3 gene DNA methylation has positive moderating effects between anxiety symptoms at baseline and sleep quality (ß = 3.337, P = 0.018) half a year later. However, there was no association between mental health at baseline and sleep quality half a year later among girls. CONCLUSION: Bidirectional relationships were identified between sleep quality and mental health among Chinese young adults during the study period. DNA methylation evidence supports a negative moderating effect of PER3 gene DNA methylation on the relationship between sleep quality at baseline and mental health half a year later and had sex differences. Among boys, PER3 gene DNA methylation had positive moderating effects between anxiety symptoms at baseline and sleep quality half a year later. These findings point to the importance of circadian clock gene DNA methylation in the relationship between sleep quality and mental health.