RESUMO
Exploring the surface organometallic chemistry on silica of highly electrophilic yttrium complexes is a relatively uncommon endeavor, particularly when focusing on tris-alkyl complexes characterized by Y-C σ-alkyl bonds. A drawback with this class of complexes once grafted on silica, is the frequent occurrence of alkyl transfer by ring opening of siloxane groups, resulting in a mixture of species. Herein, we employed a more stable homoleptic yttrium allyl complex bearing bulky η3-1,3-bis(trimethylsilyl)allyl ligand to limit this transfer reaction. This strategy has been validated by comparing the reactivity between [Y{η3-1,3-C3H3(SiMe3)2}3] and [Y(o-CH2PhNMe2)3] with SiO2-700, where the undesired alkyl transfer reaction occurred for [Y(o-CH2PhNMe2)3] leading to a bipodal [(≡SiO)2Y(o-CH2PhNMe2)] as major surface species, 2, while [Y{η3-1,3-C3H3(SiMe3)2}3] resulted selectively in a monopodal species, [(≡SiO)Y{η3-1,3-C3H3(SiMe3)2}2], 1. The materials obtained were characterized by DRIFT, solid state NMR, mass balance analysis and EXAFS. Catalyst 1 showed high activity compared to 2 in ethylene polymerization. The catalytic performance of this neutral catalyst 1 was extended to pre-industrial scale in the presence of hydrogen and 1-hexene. An unprecedented activity, up to 7400 gPE·gcat-1·h-1 was obtained even with very low concentration of scavenger AliBu3 (TIBA/Y = 1.2). The obtained HDPE exhibited desired spherical particle morphology with broad molar mass distribution.
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Aluminas are strategic materials used in many major industrial processes, either as catalyst supports or as catalysts in their own right. The transition alumina γ-Al2 O3 is a privileged support, whose reactivity can be tuned by thermal activation. This study provides a qualitative and quantitative assessment of the hydroxyl groups present on the surface of γ-Al2 O3 at three different dehydroxylation temperatures. The principal [AlOH] configurations are identified and described in unprecedented detail at the molecular level. The structures were established by combining information from high-field 1 H and 27 Al solid-state NMR, IR spectroscopy and DFT calculations, as well as selective reactivity studies. Finally, the relationship between the hydroxyl structures and the molecular-level structures of the active sites in catalytic alkane metathesis is discussed.
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The measurement of dipolar and J- couplings between 29Si and 17O isotopes is challenging owing to (i) the low abundance of both isotopes and (ii) their close Larmor frequencies, which only differ by 19%. These issues are circumvented here by the use of isotopic enrichment and dedicated triple-resonance magic-angle spinning NMR probe. The surface of 29Si-enriched silica was labelled with 17O isotope and heated at 80 and 200 °C. 29Si-17O connectivities and proximities were probed using two-dimensional (2D) through-bond and through-space heteronuclear multiple-quantum coherences (J- and D-HMQC) experiments between 17O and 29Si nuclei. The simulation of the build-up of the J- and D-HMQC signals allowed the first experimental measurement of J- and dipolar coupling constants between 17O and 29Si nuclei. These HMQC experiments allow distinguishing two distinct siloxane (SiOSi) oxygen sites: (i) those covalently bonded to Q3 and Q4 groups, having a hydroxyl group as a second neighbour and (ii) those covalently bonded to two Q4 groups. The measured J- and dipolar coupling constants of siloxane 17O nucleus with Q4 29Si nuclei differ from those with Q3 29Si nuclei. These results indicate that the 29Si-17O one-bond J-coupling and Si-O bond length depend on the second neighbours of the Si atoms.
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We report here the first step by step anchoring of a W(≡CtBu)(CH2tBu)3 complex on a highly crystalline and mesoporous MOF, namely Zr-NU-1000, using a Surface Organometallic Chemistry (SOMC) concept and methodology. SOMC allowed us to selectively graft the complex on the Zr6 clusters and characterize the obtained single site material using state of the art experimental methods including extensive solid-state NMR techniques and HAADF-STEM imaging. Further FT-IR spectroscopy revealed the presence of a WâO moiety arising from the in situ reaction of the W≡CtBu functionality with the coordinated water coming from the 8-connected hexanuclear Zr6 clusters. All the steps leading to the final grafted molecular complex have been identified by DFT. The obtained material was tested for gas phase and liquid phase olefin metathesis and exhibited higher catalytic activity than the corresponding catalysts synthesized by different grafting methods. This contribution establishes the importance of applying SOMC to MOF chemistry to get well-defined single site catalyst on MOF inorganic secondary building units, in particular the in situ synthesis of WâO alkyl complexes from their W carbyne analogues.
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Inorganic oxides play a crucial role in the activation of atomically dispersed metal oxides for catalytic olefin transformations, but the inefficient activation processes remain poorly understood. Activation of methyltrioxorhenium (MTO) for propene metathesis via its deposition on the surface of γ-Al2O3 typically results in <5% active sites, and these sites deactivate rapidly. Simple substitution of the support by a less crystalline (largely amorphous) alumina ( a-Al2O3) results in ca. 4× more activity and at least 10× more productivity. On both types of alumina, metathesis is initiated only at specific sites, whose availability limits the catalytic activity. While the two aluminas have similar total numbers of Lewis acid sites, the less crystalline support activates twice as many grafted MTO sites. Interestingly, a-Al2O3 has nearly double the number of strong Lewis acid sites. However, the number of active sites is ca. 10× lower than the total number of strong Lewis acid sites, and metathesis proceeds even when most are occupied by pyridine. DQSQ and D-HMQC 1H and 27Al solid-state NMR reveal that many Lewis acid sites are co-located with surface hydroxyl groups, which prevent activation and/or cause rapid deactivation. Undercoordinated Al sites on dominant (110) facets, which retain hydroxyl groups under catalyst preparation conditions, are therefore unlikely to lead to stable active sites. In contrast, the minor (100) facets of γ-Al2O3, which are completely dehydroxylated, contain strongly Lewis-acidic five-coordinate Al sites that are necessarily remote from surface hydroxyl groups. Such sites, which are relatively more abundant on less well-crystallized aluminas, are inferred to be responsible for generating stable metathesis sites.
RESUMO
Parahydrogen can be used in catalytic hydrogenations to achieve substantial enhancement of NMR signals of the reaction products and in some cases of the reaction reagents as well. The corresponding nuclear spin hyperpolarization technique, known as parahydrogen-induced polarization (PHIP), has been applied to boost the sensitivity of NMR spectroscopy and magnetic resonance imaging by several orders of magnitude. The catalyst properties are of paramount importance for PHIP because the addition of parahydrogen to a substrate must be pairwise. This requirement significantly narrows down the range of the applicable catalysts. Herein, we study an efficient silica-supported vanadium oxo organometallic complex (VCAT) in hydrogenation and dehydrogenation reactions in terms of efficient PHIP production. This is the first example of group 5 catalyst used to produce PHIP. Hydrogenations of propene and propyne with parahydrogen over VCAT demonstrated production of hyperpolarized propane and propene, respectively. The achieved NMR signal enhancements were 200-300-fold in the case of propane and 1300-fold in the case of propene. Propane dehydrogenation in the presence of parahydrogen produced no hyperpolarized propane, but instead the hyperpolarized side-product 1-butene was detected. Test experiments of other group 5 (Ta) and group 4 (Zr) catalysts showed a much lower efficiency in PHIP as compared to that of VCAT. The results prove the general conclusion that vanadium-based catalysts and other group 4 and group 5 catalysts can be used to produce PHIP. The hydrogenation/dehydrogenation processes, however, are accompanied by side reactions leading, for example, to C4, C2, and C1 side products. Some of the side products like 1-butene and 2-butene were shown to appear hyperpolarized, demonstrating that the reaction mechanism includes pairwise parahydrogen addition in these cases as well.
RESUMO
A well-defined, silica-supported molybdenum oxo alkyl species, ([triple bond, length as m-dash]SiO-)2Mo([double bond, length as m-dash]O)(CH2tBu)2, was prepared by the selective grafting of Mo([double bond, length as m-dash]O)(CH2tBu)3Cl onto a silica partially dehydroxylated at 200 °C using a rigorous surface organometallic chemistry approach. The immobilized bipodal surface species, partly resembling the active species of industrial MoO3/SiO2 olefin metathesis catalysts, exhibited excellent functional group tolerance in conjunction with its high activity in homocoupling, self and ring closing olefin metathesis.
RESUMO
The well-defined silica-supported molybdenum oxo alkyl species (≡SiO-)MoO(CH2tBu)3 was selectively prepared by grafting of MoO(CH2tBu)3Cl onto partially dehydroxylated silica (silica700) using the surface organometallic chemistry approach. This surface species was fully characterized by elemental analysis and DRIFT, solid-state NMR, and EXAFS spectroscopy. This new material is related to the active species of industrial supported MoO3/SiO2 olefin metathesis catalysts. It displays very high activity in propene self-metathesis at mild (turnover number = 90â¯000 after 25 h). Remarkably, its catalytic performance outpaces those of the parent imido derivative and its tungsten oxo analogue.
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This paper reports the principal discoveries which have played a major role in the polyolefin field and have positioned polyolefins as the most produced plastics. The early development of polyolefins covering the production of LDPE (Low density polyethylene) at ICI (Imperial Chemical Industries) and the discovery of Phillips or Ziegler-Natta catalysts are highlighted in the first section. In the second part, the impact of the implementation of molecular catalysts on the research in polyolefins is discussed together with the most recent advances leading to high-performance tailor-made resins.
RESUMO
Ring opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene (norbornene) is carried out over silica-supported catalysts based on tungsten complexes bearing an oxo ligand (1: [(SiO)W(O)(CH2 SiMe3 )3 , 2: [(SiO)W(O)(CHCMe2 Ph)(dAdPO)], dAdPO  2,6 diadamantyl-4-methylphenoxide, 3: [(SiO)2 W(O)(CH2 SiMe3 )2 ]). The evaluation of the catalytic activities of the aforementioned materials in ROMP indicates that at low reaction time (0.5 min), the highest polymer yield is obtained with catalyst 2. However, for longer reaction time (>2 min), complex 3, a model of the industrial catalyst, exhibits a better monomer conversion. The polymers obtained are characterized. Moreover, these catalysts are shown to be rather preferentially selective to give the cis polynorbornene (>65%), characterized by high melting points (≈300 °C). The experimental values of the average molecular weight (Mn ) of polynorbornenes are found to be close to the theoretical ones for the polymers prepared using catalyst 2 and higher for those originated from catalyst 3.
RESUMO
Extensive chlorination of γ-Al2O3 results in the formation of highly Lewis acidic surface domains depleted in surface hydroxyl groups. Adsorption of methyltrioxorhenium (MTO) onto these chlorinated domains serves to activate it as a low temperature, heterogeneous olefin metathesis catalyst and confers both high activity and high stability. Characterization of the catalyst reveals that the immobilized MTO undergoes partial ligand exchange with the surface, whereby some Re sites acquire a chloride ligand from the modified alumina while donating an oxo ligand to the support. More specifically, Re LIII-edge EXAFS and DFT calculations support facile ligand exchange between MTO and Cl-Al2O3 to generate [CH3ReO2Cl+] fragments that interact with a bridging oxygen of the support via a Lewis acid-base interaction. According to IR and solid-state NMR, the methyl group remains intact, and does not evolve spontaneously to a stable methylene tautomer. Nevertheless, the chloride-promoted metathesis catalyst is far more active and productive than MTO/γ-Al2O3, easily achieving a TON of 100â¯000 for propene metathesis in a flow reactor at 10 °C (compared to TON < 5000 for the nonchlorinated catalyst). Increased activity is a consequence of both a larger fraction of active sites and a higher intrinsic activity for the new sites. Increased stability is tentatively attributed to a stronger interaction between MTO and chlorinated surface regions, as well as extensive depletion of the Brønsted acidic surface hydroxyl population. The reformulated catalyst represents a major advance for Re-based metathesis catalysts, whose widespread use has thus far been severely hampered by their instability.
RESUMO
A new class of well-defined activating supports for olefin polymerization was obtained via the surface organometallic chemistry approach. High activities in slurry polymerization of ethylene along with industrial-grade physical properties of the resulting polyethylene were obtained when these activators were combined with metallocene complexes in the presence of triisobutylaluminium.
RESUMO
Hydrazine reacts with silica-supported tantalum-hydrides [(≡SiO)2TaHx] (x = 1, 3), 1, under mild conditions (100 °C). The IR in situ monitoring of the reaction with N2H4 or (15)N2H4, and the solid-state MAS NMR spectra of the fully (15)N labeled compounds (CP (15)N, (1)H-(15)N HETCOR, (1)H-(1)H double-quantum, and (1)H-(1)H triple-quantum spectra) were used to identify stable intermediates and products. DFT calculations were used for determining the reaction pathway and calculating the (15)N and (1)H NMR chemical shifts. Combining the experimental and computational studies led to the following results. At room temperature, only hydrazine adducts, 1-N2H4, are formed. Upon heating at 100 °C, the hydrazine adducts are converted to several species among which [(≡SiO)2Ta(âNH)(NH2)], 2, [(≡SiO)2TaH(NH2)2], 3, and [(≡SiO)2TaH2(NH-NH2)], 4, were identified. The final product 2 is also formed in the reaction of N2 with the same silica-supported tantalum-hydride complexes, and the species identified as 3 and 4 had been previously suggested by DFT studies as intermediates on the reaction pathway for N-N cleavage in N2. The present computational studies (cluster models with M06 functional complemented by selected calculations with periodic calculations) show that 2 is formed via 3 and 4, with either N2 or N2H4. This strengthens the previous proposal of the existence of 3 and 4 as intermediates in the reaction of N2 with the tantalum-hydrides. However, the reaction of N2 does not imply the formation of N2H4 or its hydrazido monoanionic or dianionic ligand as an intermediate. For this reason, this study informs both on the similarities and differences of the reaction pathways involving N2 and N2H4 with tantalum-hydrides.
RESUMO
Chlorine ligands in a variety of diamagnetic transition-metal (TM) complexes in common structural motifs were studied using (35)Cl solid-state NMR (SSNMR), and insight into the origin of the observed (35)Cl NMR parameters was gained through first-principles density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The WURST-CPMG pulse sequence and the variable-offset cumulative spectrum (VOCS) methods were used to acquire static (35)Cl SSNMR powder patterns at both standard (9.4 T) and ultrahigh (21.1 T) magnetic field strengths, with the latter affording higher signal-to-noise ratios (S/N) and reduced experimental times (i.e., <1 h). Analytical simulations were performed to extract the (35)Cl electric field gradient (EFG) tensor and chemical shift (CS) tensor parameters. It was found that the chlorine ligands in various bonding environments (i.e., bridging, terminal-axial, and terminal-equatorial) have drastically different (35)Cl EFG tensor parameters, suggesting that (35)Cl SSNMR is ideal for characterizing chlorine ligands in TM complexes. A detailed localized molecular orbital (LMO) analysis was completed for NbCl5. It was found that the contributions of individual molecular orbitals must be considered to fully explain the observed EFG parameters, thereby negating simple arguments based on comparison of bond lengths and angles. Finally, we discuss the application of (35)Cl SSNMR for the structural characterization of WCl6 that has been grafted onto a silica support material. The resulting tungsten-chloride surface species is shown to be structurally distinct from the parent compound.
RESUMO
The surface hydroxyl groups of γ-alumina dehydroxylated at 500 °C were studied by a combination of one- and two-dimensional homo- and heteronuclear (1)H and (27)Al NMR spectroscopy at high magnetic field. In particular, by harnessing (1)H-(27) Al dipolar interactions, a high selectivity was achieved in unveiling the topology of the alumina surface. The terminal versus bridging character of the hydroxyl groups observed in the (1)H magic-angle spinning (MAS) NMR spectrum was demonstrated thanks to (1)H-(27) Al RESPDOR (resonance-echo saturation-pulse double-resonance). In a further step the hydroxyl groups were assigned to their aluminium neighbours thanks to a {(1)H}-(27) Al dipolar heteronuclear multiple quantum correlation (D-HMQC), which was used to establish a first coordination map. Then, in combination with (1)H-(1) H double quantum (DQ) MAS, these elements helped to reveal intimate structural features of the surface hydroxyls. Finally, the nature of a peculiar reactive hydroxyl group was demonstrated following this methodology in the case of CO2 reactivity with alumina.
RESUMO
Olefin metathesis is increasingly incorporated in polyfunctional industrial processes. The classical WO3/SiO2 olefin metathesis catalyst is combined to other catalysts in order to afford higher added-value chemicals. However, the combination of several reactions, not only in a single reactor, but also stemming from a single, multifunctional surface species is a desirable improvement regarding process issues. Well-defined surface organometallic tungsten species can be designed to implement targeted functionalities (carbene, hydride, alkyl, ). By tuning the metal's coordination sphere, it is possible to combine metathesis with several reactions, such as (de)hydrogenation, dimerization or isomerization. Novel, unconventional reactions for the production and upgrading of alkanes and alkenes have thus been uncovered. The reactivity of this library of supported catalysts is discussed based on the type of mediated transformations: monofunctional (alkene and alkyne metathesis), bifunctional (1-butene or 2-butenes to propylene), trifunctional (ethylene to propylene, alkane metathesis, ). Mechanistic considerations will be discussed to put these results in a wider perspective for future developments.
RESUMO
A series of transition-metal organometallic complexes with commonly occurring metal-chlorine bonding motifs were characterized using (35)Cl solid-state NMR (SSNMR) spectroscopy, (35)Cl nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) spectroscopy, and first-principles density functional theory (DFT) calculations of NMR interaction tensors. Static (35)Cl ultra-wideline NMR spectra were acquired in a piecewise manner at standard (9.4â T) and high (21.1â T) magnetic field strengths using the WURST-QCPMG pulse sequence. The (35)Cl electric field gradient (EFG) and chemical shielding (CS) tensor parameters were readily extracted from analytical simulations of the spectra; in particular, the quadrupolar parameters are shown to be very sensitive to structural differences, and can easily differentiate between chlorine atoms in bridging and terminal bonding environments. (35)Clâ NQR spectra were acquired for many of the complexes, which aided in resolving structurally similar, yet crystallographically distinct and magnetically inequivalent chlorine sites, and with the interpretation and assignment of (35)Clâ SSNMR spectra. (35)Clâ EFG tensors obtained from first-principles DFT calculations are consistently in good agreement with experiment, highlighting the importance of using a combined approach of theoretical and experimental methods for structural characterization. Finally, a preliminary example of a (35)Clâ SSNMR spectrum of a transition-metal species (TiCl4) diluted and supported on non-porous silica is presented. The combination of (35)Clâ SSNMR and (35)Clâ NQR spectroscopy and DFT calculations is shown to be a promising and simple methodology for the characterization of all manner of chlorine-containing transition-metal complexes, in pure, impure bulk and supported forms.
RESUMO
The grafting of an oxo chloro trisalkyl tungsten derivative on silica dehydroxylated at 700 °C was studied by several techniques that showed reaction via W-Cl cleavage, to afford a well-defined precatalyst for alkene metathesis. This was further confirmed by DFT calculations on the grafting process. (17)O labeling of the oxo moiety of a series of related molecular and supported tungsten oxo derivatives was achieved, and the corresponding (17)O MAS NMR spectra were recorded. Combined experimental and theoretical NMR studies yielded information on the local structure of the surface species. Assessment of the (17)O NMR parameters also confirmed the nature of the grafting pathway by ruling out other possible grafting schemes, thanks to highly characteristic anisotropic features arising from the quadrupolar and chemical shift interactions.
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Homoleptic benzyl derivatives of titanium and zirconium have been grafted onto silica that was dehydroxylated at 200 and 700 °C, thereby affording bi-grafted and mono-grafted single-site species, respectively, as shown by a combination of experimental techniques (IR, MAS NMR, EXAFS, and elemental analysis) and theoretical calculations. Marked differences between these compounds and their neopentyl analogues are discussed and rationalized by using DFT. These differences were assigned to the selectivity of the grafting process, which, depending on the structure of the molecular precursors, led to different outcomes in terms of the mono- versus bi-grafted species for the same surface concentration of silanol species. The benzylzirconium derivatives were active towards ethylene polymerization in the absence of an activator and the bi-grafted species displayed higher activity than their mono-grafted analogues. In contrast, the benzyltitanium and neopentylzirconium counterparts were not active under similar reaction conditions.