RESUMO
Introducción: La pandemia por COVID-19 podría haber afectado la cobertura de vacunación. Objetivo: Estimar las coberturas de vacunación para los años 2018-2020 y analizar las condiciones sociales, económicas y educativas relacionadas a este indicador. Material y Métodos: Estudio epidemiológico social realizado en la región Cusco con reporte de cobertura de vacunación en los años 2018-2020 para el periodo enero mayo y con indicadores económicos y educativos para el 2019. Se estimaron tasas de cobertura de vacunación (pentavalente, antipoliomielítica, antineumocócica y SPR) así como variables de desigualdad. Se expresaron métricas de brecha a través de índices de Kuznets absoluto (ika) y Kuznets relativo (ikr). Resultados: De 112 distritos, las coberturas de vacunación para las 4 vacunas fueron en promedio de 39%, 38% y 24% para el 2018, 2019 y 2020; respectivamente. Las coberturas de vacunación acumulada son similares entre el 2018 y 2019 según estratificador educativo y económico, pero en todos los quintiles del 2020 hubo disminución de las coberturas en un 40% aproximadamente. En los años 2019 y 2020 según escolaridad, las diferencias absolutas y relativas entre los quintiles extremos se invierten, siendo mayor las coberturas en los quintiles con menor escolaridad en comparación con los de mayor escolaridad. Conclusión: Existe disminución de tasas de cobertura de vacunación acumulada para el 2020 y se diferencian según quintiles de escolaridad e ingreso, lo cual se atribuye al estado de emergencia sanitaria debido a COVID-19. Es crítico vigilar las actividades de recuperación de cobertura de vacunación para evitar brotes de enfermedades inmunoprevenibles.
Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic could have affected vaccination coverage. Objetive: Was to estimate vaccination coverage for the years 2018-2020 and to analyze the social, economic and educational conditions related to this indicator. Material and Methods: Social epidemiological study carried out in the Cusco region with a report of vaccination coverage in the years 2018-2020 for the period January - May and with economic and educational indicators for 2019. Rates of vaccination coverage were estimated (pentavalent, polio, pneumococcal and SPR) as well as inequality variables. Gap metrics were expressed through absolute Kuznets (ika) and relative Kuznets (ikr). Results: Of 112 districts, the vaccination coverage for the 4 vaccines were on average 39%, 38% and 24% for 2018, 2019 and 2020; respectively. Accumulated vaccination coverage is similar between 2018 and 2019 according to educational and economic stratifier, but in all quintiles of 2020 there was a decrease in coverage of approximately 40%. In the years 2019 and 2020 according to schooling, the absolute and relative differences between the extreme quintiles are reversed, with higher coverage in the quintiles with less schooling compared to those with higher schooling. Conclusion: There is a decrease in accumulated vaccination coverage rates for 2020 and they differ according to quintiles of schooling and income, which is attributed to the state of sanitary emergency due to COVID-19. It is critical to monitor recovery vaccination coverage activities to prevent outbreaks of immuno-preventable diseases.
RESUMO
Objetivo: Establecer la relación entre la percepción de las relaciones familiares y el malestar psicológico en adolescentes embarazadas. Material y métodos: El malestar psicológico se evaluó aplicando el Cuestionario General de Salud de Goldberg a 213 adolescentes embarazadas primigestas, con 17 años de edad o menos. El criterio para "caso probable" de malestar psicológico fue a partir de un puntaje de 8 o más. La percepción de las relaciones familiares se evaluó con un cuestionario que exploró cuatro aspectos: dinámica familiar, relación entre los padres, relación con la madre y con el padre. Resultados: En los casos con malestar psicológico, se observó una asociación de dependencia con la percepción de las relaciones familiares: dinámica familiar de mala a regular (p < 0.001); relación disarmónica entre los padres (p = 0.006); relación regular con la madre (p = 0.018); y, relación con el padre de mala a muy mala (p = 0.008). Para los no casos, la dependencia se estableció en: dinámica familiar de buena a excelente (p < 0.001) y la relación con el padre de buena a muy buena (p = 0.018). Conclusiones: La percepción de la dinámica familiar, la relación entre los padres, y las relaciones afectivas con la madre y el padre, se asociaron directamente con la presencia de malestar psicológico.
Objective: To establish the relationship between family relationship's perception and the psychological malaise in pregnant teenagers. Material and methods: Psychological malaise was evaluated using Goldberg's general health questionnaire on 213, seventeen-year-old or younger first pregnancy teenagers, basing the criteria on a score of 8 or more for a "probable case" of psychological malaise. The notion about the family's relationship was evaluated by a questionnaire that measured four aspects: family dynamics, the relationship between the parents and the relationship with the mother and with the father. Results: There were statistically significant differences when the Chi Square Test was used on the proposed comparisons. When there was a psychological malaise, we noticed a dependency when the family's relationship ranged from average to negative (a .000); when the relationship between parents was not harmonious (a .006); the relationship with the mother was average (a 0.018); and the relationship with the father, from negative to extremely negative (a 0.008). For the no cases, dependency was established as a: familiar dynamics ranging from good to excellent (a .000) and the relationship with the father, from good to very good (a .018). Conclusions: The family's dynamics perception, the relationship between the parents and the sentimental relationship with mother and father is associated with a psychological malaise. If the familiar dynamics is perceived with a range from bad to average, then the perception of relation with the father and the mother was perceived to range from very bad to average, contrasting with the perception from good to excellent, then the perception of the relationship with both ranges from good to very good.
RESUMO
A method was developed for the determination of chromium as the Cr(acac)(3) complex in urine using SFE and chromatography. Quantitative extractions were achieved when the experiments were carried out under 3000 p.s.i. of pressure, at a temperature of 120 degrees C, with 2.0 ml of methanol, 30 min of static extraction and 5 min of dynamic extraction. The chromium was quantified by GC-FID detection. The calibration graph of Cr(acac)(3) solutions was linear between 0.50 and 43.0 microg ml(-1) of chromium (DL 0.18 microg ml(-1), R=0.9994). The same extracts were quantified by HPLC-340 nm detection. The calibration curve of the Cr(acac)(3) solutions was linear over a range of 0.013 to 60.0 microg ml(-1) (DL 0.02 microg ml(-1), R=0.9999). This method was applied to urine samples from 60 diabetic patients and 21 healthy volunteers. Chromium concentration ranges were 2.5-29.5 microg l(-1) for the diabetics and 5.9-12.3 microg l(-1) for the normal subjects.
Assuntos
Cromo/urina , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Cromatografia Gasosa , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Diabetes Mellitus/urina , Feminino , Humanos , Indicadores e Reagentes , Masculino , Espectrometria de Massas , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Pressão , Padrões de Referência , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Soluções , Solventes , Espectrofotometria Ultravioleta , TemperaturaRESUMO
El presente estudio operativo no experimental post-evaluatorio, tuvo el propósito de determinar el cumplimiento de los estándares de monitorización anestésica básica aporbado en 1986 por la ASA (Asociación Americana de Anestesiólogos), considerando que su uso podría prevenir y evitar la morbilidad y mortalidad asociados a la anestesia. Se observaron en forma aleatoria 351 procedimientos anestésicos en cinco hospitales de la ciudad de Quito (Carlos Andrade Marín, General de las Fuerzas Armadas, Pediátrico Baca Ortíz, Gineco Obstétrico Isidro Ayora y Pablo Arturo Suárez); además, se realizó una encuesta que evaluó el conocimiento de los estándares a 69 profesionales de los servicios de anestesiología de los mencionados centros hospitalarios...