A growth factor from neuronal cell lines stimulates myelin protein synthesis in mammalian brain.

Oligodendroglia growth factor (OGF) is a 16-kDa soluble protein produced by neuronal cell lines. This factor, when incubated with brain glia in culture, selectively stimulates growth of oligodendroglia, the myelin-producing cells of the CNS. OGF infused into the cerebral cortex of the adult rat accelerates the production of myelin proteins as shown by increased specific activity of the myelin enzyme 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphohydrolase (2',3'-CNPase), by stimulated synthesis of myelin basic protein, and by elevations in levels of myelin proteolipid protein RNA. The ability of OGF to induce myelin protein production in vivo suggests that neuron-secreted growth factors help to regulate myelin formation within the CNS.

Microglial mitogens are produced in the developing and injured mammalian brain.

The central nervous system produces growth factors that stimulate proliferation of ameboid microglia during embryogenesis and after traumatic injury. Two microglial mitogens (MMs) are recovered from the brain of newborn rat. MM1 has an approximate molecular mass of 50 kD and a pI of approximately 6.8; MM2 has a molecular mass of 22 kD and a pI of approximately 5.2. These trypsin-sensitive proteins show specificity of action upon glia in vitro serving as growth factors for ameboid microglia but not astroglia or oligodendroglia. Although the MMs did not stimulate proliferation of blood monocytes or resident peritoneal macrophage, MM1 shows granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating activity when tested upon bone marrow progenitor cells. Microglial mitogens may help to control brain mononuclear phagocytes in vivo. The MMs first appear in the cerebral cortex of rat during early development with peak levels around embryonic day E-20, a period of microglial proliferation. Microglial mitogens are also produced by traumatized brain of adult rats within 2 d after injury. When infused into the cerebral cortex, MM1 and MM2 elicit large numbers of mononuclear phagocytes at the site of injection. In vitro study shows that astroglia from newborn brain secrete MM2. These observations point to the existence of a regulatory system whereby secretion of proteins from brain glia helps to control neighboring inflammatory responses.

Immunoregulation of cells within the central nervous system.

There is growing evidence that immunomodulators influence cellular events within the central nervous system. Microglia are one important class of effector cells in the brain which both respond to and secrete immunoregulatory factors. By controlling the proliferation, death, or differentiation of neighboring cells, microglia may regulate the structure and function of neural tissues during development and in response to injury. As described here, suppression of microglia offers a new approach in the treatment of neurologic diseases.