Investigation of activation cross-sections of deuteron induced reactions on ruthenium up to 50 MeV.

The activation cross sections of deuteron induced reactions on natural ruthenium have been measured up to 50 MeV for production of radioisotopes of rhodium (105Rh, 102mRh,102gRh,101mRh,101gRh, 100gRh, 99mRh, 99gRh), ruthenium (105Ru,103Ru (cum), 102Ru (cum), 97Ru (cum), 95Ru (cum)) and of technetium (99mTc, 96gTc (m+), 95mTc (cum), 95gTc (cum), 94gTc,93gTc (m+)). The results are compared with the predictions of the most common theoretical nuclear reaction model codes (ALICE-D, EMPIRE-D and TALYS (TENDL)). From the measured cross section physical yields have been calculated for all measured radioisotopes. The medically important radioisotopes are discussed from the point of view of production routes by charged particle methods and other alternatives.

Study of activation cross sections of deuteron induced reactions on erbium in the 32-50MeV energy range.

Activation cross sections of the natEr(d,x)163,165,166,167,168,170Tm and natEr(d,x)171,161Er nuclear reactions have been measured in the 32-50MeV energy range, above 40MeV for the first time. The activation method with stacked foil irradiation technique and gamma-ray spectroscopy were used. The experimental cross sections were compared with the theoretical predictions in the TENDL-2015 library.

Measurement of activation cross-section of long-lived products in deuteron induced nuclear reactions on palladium in the 30-50MeV energy range.

Excitation functions were measured in the 31-49.2MeV energy range for the natPd(d,xn)111,110m,106m,105,104g,103Ag, natPd(d,x) 111m,109,101,100Pd, natPd(d,x), 105,102m,102g,101m,101g,100,99m,99gRh and natPd(d,x)103,97Ru nuclear reactions by using the stacked foil irradiation technique. The experimental results are compared with our previous results and with the theoretical predictions calculated with the ALICE-D, EMPIRE-D and TALYS (TENDL libraries) codes.

Investigation of activation cross sections for deuteron induced reactions on strontium up to 50MeV.

Excitation functions were measured for the natSr(d,x)88,87m,87g,86g,85gY, 87m,85g,83g,82Sr, 86g,84g,83,82m,81gRb reactions by the stacked foil activation technique and high-resolution gamma-spectrometry up to 50MeV. We present the first experimental activation cross section data for all investigated reactions. Our experimental data are compared with the TALYS code results as available in the TENDL-2015 on-line library. Use of deuteron induced reactions on Sr for production of medical isotopes is discussed.

Activation cross-sections of longer lived radioisotopes of proton induced nuclear reactions on terbium up to 65MeV.

Experimental cross sections are presented for the 159Tb(p,xn)153,155,157,159Dy, 152,153,155,156m2,m1,g,158Tb and 153,151Gd nuclear reactions up to 65MeV. The experimental results are compared with the recently reported experimental data and with the results of the nuclear reaction codes ALICE-IPPE, EMPIRE and TALYS as reported in the TENDL-2015 on-line library. Integral thick-target yields are also derived for the reaction products used in practical applications and production routes are discussed.

Activation cross sections of deuteron induced reactions on silver in the 33-50MeV energy range.

Excitation functions were measured for the natAg(d,x)105,104Cd, 110m,108m,106m,105g,104gAg and 101Pd, 105,101mRh reactions over the energy range 33-50MeV by using the stacked foil activation technique and subsequent high-resolution gamma-spectrometry. We present the first experimental cross section data above 40MeV for all of these reactions and the first experimental cross section data for natAg(d,x)108m,104gAg and 105,103Rh. The experimental data are compared with results of the model calculations performed with the ALICE-D, EMPIRE-D theoretical nuclear reaction model codes and with the TALYS code results as available in the TENDL-2014 and -2015 on-line libraries.

Activation cross sections of proton and deuteron induced nuclear reactions on holmium and erbium, related to the production of (161)Er and (160)Er medical isotopes.

Experimental excitation functions for long-lived products in proton induced reactions were measured with the activation method in the 37-65MeV energy range on natural holmium. Stacked foil irradiation technique and high resolution gamma spectrometry were used in order to measure cross-section data for the production of (161)Er, (160)Er and (1)(59,157)Dy. For comparison of the production routes of medically related (161)Er and (160)Er radioisotopes new experimental cross section data were deduced for the (162)Er(p,x)(161,160)Er and (162)Er(d,x)(161,160)Er reactions by re-evaluating gamma-ray spectra from earlier measurements. No earlier data were found in the literature for these reactions. The experimental data are compared with results of TALYS theoretical code reported in TENDL-2015.

Activation cross sections of proton induced nuclear reactions on gold up to 65MeV.

Activation cross sections of proton induced reactions on gold for production of (197m,197g,195m,195g, 193m,193g,192)Hg, (196m,196g(cum),195g(cum),194,191(cum))Au, (191(cum))Pt and (192)Ir were measured up to 65MeV proton energy, some of them for the first time. The new data are in acceptably good agreement with the recently published earlier experimental data in the overlapping energy region. The experimental data are compared with the predictions of the TALYS 1.6 (results in TENDL-2015 on-line library) and EMPIRE 3.2 code.

Activation cross sections of proton induced nuclear reactions on palladium up to 80MeV.

Activation cross sections of proton induced nuclear reactions on palladium were measured up to 80MeV by using the stacked foil irradiation technique and gamma ray spectrometry. The beam intensity, the incident energy and the energy degradation were controlled by a method based on flux constancy via normalization to the excitation functions of monitor reactions measured in parallel. Excitation functions for direct and cumulative cross-sections were measured for the production of (104m,104g,105g,106m,110m)Ag, (100,101)Pd, (99m,99g,100,101m,101g,102m,102g,105)Rh and (103,97)Ru radioisotopes. The cross section data were compared with the theoretical predictions of TENDL-2014 and -2015 libraries. For practical applications thick target yields were derived from the measured excitation functions. Application in the field of medical radionuclide production is shortly discussed.

Excitation functions for (d,x) reactions on (133)Cs up to Ed=40MeV.

In the frame of a systematic study of excitation functions of deuteron induced reactions the excitation functions of the (133)Cs(d,x)(133m,133mg,131mg)Ba,(134,)(132)Cs and (12)(9m)Xe nuclear reactions were measured up to 40MeV deuteron energies by using the stacked foil irradiation technique and γ-ray spectroscopy of activated samples. The results were compared with calculations performed with the theoretical nuclear reaction codes ALICE-IPPE-D, EMPIRE II-D and TALYS calculation listed in the TENDL-2014 library. A moderate agreement was obtained. Based on the integral yields deduced from our measured cross sections, production of (131)Cs via the (133)Cs(d,4n)(131)Ba→(131)Cs reaction and (133)Ba via (133)Cs(d,2n) reactions is discussed in comparison with other charged particle production routes.

Evaluation of nuclear reaction cross sections for optimization of production of the emerging diagnostic radionuclide 55Co.

The excitation functions of the (54)Fe(d,n)(55)Co, (56)Fe(p,2n)(55)Co and (58)Ni(p,α)(55)Co reactions were analyzed with relevance to the production of the ß(+)-emitter (55)Co (T½=17.53 h), a promising cobalt radionuclide for PET imaging. The nuclear model codes ALICE-IPPE, EMPIRE and TALYS were used to check the consistency of the experimental data. The statistically fitted excitation function was employed to calculate the integral yield of the product. The amounts of the radioactive impurities (56)Co and (57)Co were assessed. A comparison of the three investigated production routes is given.

Investigation of activation cross sections of proton induced reactions on indium up to 70 MeV for practical applications.

Excitation functions were measured for production of the (113,111,110)Sn, (115m,114m,113m,112m,111g,110g)In and (111m,109)Cd radioisotopes by bombardment of In targets with proton beams up to 70 MeV, some of them for the first time. The new results are compared with the earlier experimental data and with the theoretical data in the TENDL-2014 (Talys1.6 based) library. Thick target yields were deduced and application of the new data for production of medically relevant (110m)In,(111g)In,(113m)In and (114m)In, as well as applicability for thin layer activation (TLA) are discussed.

Extension of the energy range of experimental activation cross-sections data of deuteron induced nuclear reactions on indium up to 50MeV.

The energy range of our earlier measured activation cross-sections data of longer-lived products of deuteron induced nuclear reactions on indium were extended from 40MeV up to 50MeV. The traditional stacked foil irradiation technique and non-destructive gamma spectrometry were used. No experimental data were found in literature for this higher energy range. Experimental cross-sections for the formation of the radionuclides (113,110)Sn, (116m,115m,114m,113m,111,110g,109)In and (115)Cd are reported in the 37-50MeV energy range, for production of (110)Sn and (110g,109)In these are the first measurements ever. The experimental data were compared with the results of cross section calculations of the ALICE and EMPIRE nuclear model codes and of the TALYS 1.6 nuclear model code as listed in the on-line library TENDL-2014.

Extension of the energy range of the experimental activation cross-sections data of longer-lived products of proton induced nuclear reactions on dysprosium up to 65MeV.

Activation cross-sections data of longer-lived products of proton induced nuclear reactions on dysprosium were extended up to 65MeV by using stacked foil irradiation and gamma spectrometry experimental methods. Experimental cross-sections data for the formation of the radionuclides (159)Dy, (157)Dy, (155)Dy, (161)Tb, (160)Tb, (156)Tb, (155)Tb, (154m2)Tb, (154m1)Tb, (154g)Tb, (153)Tb, (152)Tb and (151)Tb are reported in the 36-65MeV energy range, and compared with an old dataset from 1964. The experimental data were also compared with the results of cross section calculations of the ALICE and EMPIRE nuclear model codes and of the TALYS nuclear reaction model code as listed in the latest on-line libraries TENDL 2013.

New activation cross section data on longer lived radio-nuclei produced in proton induced nuclear reaction on zirconium.

The excitation functions of (96)Nb, (95m)Nb, (95g)Nb, (92m)Nb, (91m)Nb, (90)Nb, (95)Zr, (89)Zr, (88)Zr, (86)Zr, (88)Y, (87m)Y, (87g)Y, (86)Y were measured up to 70MeV proton energy by using the stacked foil technique and the activation method. The new data were compared with the critically analyzed experimental data in the literature and with the TALYS based model results in TENDL-2013 library. The possible role of the investigated reactions in the production of medically relevant (90)Nb, (95m)Nb, (89)Zr, and (88)Y radionuclides is discussed.

Excitation function of (3)He-particle induced nuclear reactions on natural palladium.

Excitation functions of (3)He-particle induced nuclear reactions on natural palladium were measured using the standard stacked foil technique and high resolution γ-ray spectroscopy. From their threshold energies up to 27MeV, cross-sections for (nat)Pd((3)He,x)(103,104,105,106m,110m,111,112)Ag and (nat)Pd((3)He,x)(104,105,107,111m)Cd reactions were measured. The nuclear model codes TALYS-1.4, and EMPIRE-3.1 were used to describe the formation of these products. The present data were compared to theoretical results and to the available experimental data. Integral yields for some important radioisotopes were determined.

Activation cross-sections of proton induced reactions on natural Ni up to 65MeV.

Production cross-sections of the (nat)Ni(p,x)(60,61)Cu, (56,57)Ni, (55,56,57,58)Co nuclear reactions were measured in five experiments up to 65MeV by using a stacked foil activation technique. The results were compared with the available literature values, predictions of the nuclear reaction model codes ALICE-IPPE, TALYS-1.4, and extracted data from the TENDL-2012 library. Spline fits were made on the basis of selected data, from which physical yields were calculated and compared with the literature values. The applicability of the (nat)Ni(p,x)(57)Ni, (57)Co reactions for thin layer activation (TLA) was investigated. The production rate for (55)Co was compared for proton and deuteron induced reactions on Ni.

Activation cross sections of α-particle induced nuclear reactions on hafnium and deuteron induced nuclear reaction on tantalum: production of ¹78W/(178m)Ta generator.

In the frame of a systematic study of charged particle production routes of medically relevant radionuclei, the excitation function for indirect production of (178m)Ta through (nat)Hf(α,xn)(178)W-(178m)Ta nuclear reaction was measured for the first time up to 40 MeV. In parallel, the side reactions (nat)Hf(α,x)(179,177,176,175)W, (183,182,178g,177,176,175)Ta, (179m,177m,175)Hf were also assessed. Stacked foil irradiation technique and γ-ray spectrometry were used. New experimental cross section data for the (nat)Ta(d,xn)(178)W reaction are also reported up to 40 MeV. The measured excitation functions are compared with the results of the ALICE-IPPE, and EMPIRE nuclear reaction model codes and with the TALYS 1.4 based data in the TENDL-2013 library. The thick target yields were deduced and compared with yields of other charged particle ((p,4n), (d,5n) and ((3)He,x)) production routes for (178)W.

Cross sections of deuteron induced reactions on (nat)Sm for production of the therapeutic radionuclide ¹45Sm and ¹5³Sm.

At present, targeted radiotherapy (TR) is acknowledged to have great potential in oncology. A large list of interesting radionuclides is identified, including several radioisotopes of lanthanides, amongst them (145)Sm and (153)Sm. In this work the possibility of their production at a cyclotron was investigated using a deuteron beam and a samarium target. The excitation functions of the (nat)Sm(d,x)(145,153)Sm reactions were determined for deuteron energies up to 50 MeV using the stacked-foil technique and high-resolution γ-ray spectrometry. The measured cross sections and the contributing reactions were analyzed by comparison with results of the ALICE, EMPIRE and TALYS nuclear reaction codes. A short overview and comparison of possible production routes is given.

Proton-induced cross-sections of nuclear reactions on lead up to 37 MeV.

Excitation function of proton induced nuclear reactions on lead for production of (206,205,204,203,202,201g)Bi, (203cum,202m,201cum)Pb and (202cum,201cum,200cum,199cum)Tl radionuclides were measured up to 36 MeV by using activation method, stacked foil irradiation technique and γ-ray spectrometry. The new experimental data were compared with the few earlier experimental results and with the predictions of the EMPIRE3.1, ALICE-IPPE (MENDL2p) and TALYS (TENDL-2012) theoretical reaction codes.