RESUMO
The global diabetes burden is predicted to rise to 380 million by 2025 and would present itself as a major health challenge. However, both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes increase the risk of developing micro-vascular complications and macro-vascular complications which in turn will have a devastating impact on quality of life of the patients and challenge health services Worldwide. The micro-vascular complications that affect small blood vessels are the leading cause of blindness (diabetic retinopathy) in the people of the working-age, end-stage renal disease (diabetic nephropathy) the most common cause of kidney failure today, and foot amputation (diabetic neuropathy) in patients with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. It is accepted that hyperglycemia is a major causative factor for the development of these complications, there is also growing evidence for the role of inflammation. Here we discuss low-grade inflammation as a common retinal-renal-nerve pathogenic link in patients with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. This review summarizes evidence showing a link between circulating and locally produced inflammatory biomarkers, such as cell adhesion molecules (vascular adhesion cell molecule-1, VCAM-1; intracellular adhesion molecule-1, ICAM-1), pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-6, IL-6; tumour necrosis factor-alpha, TNF-α; C-reactive protein, CRP) with the development and progression of diabetic micro-vascular complications.
Assuntos
Neuropatias Diabéticas/etiologia , Inflamação/complicações , Rim/inervação , Neurônios Retinianos/patologia , Animais , Biomarcadores/análise , Biomarcadores/sangue , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Nefropatias Diabéticas/sangue , Nefropatias Diabéticas/etiologia , Nefropatias Diabéticas/metabolismo , Nefropatias Diabéticas/patologia , Neuropatias Diabéticas/sangue , Neuropatias Diabéticas/metabolismo , Neuropatias Diabéticas/patologia , Retinopatia Diabética/sangue , Retinopatia Diabética/etiologia , Retinopatia Diabética/metabolismo , Retinopatia Diabética/patologia , Humanos , Inflamação/sangue , Inflamação/metabolismo , Inflamação/patologia , Rim/metabolismo , Rim/patologia , Modelos Biológicos , Nefrite/sangue , Nefrite/complicações , Nefrite/metabolismo , Nefrite/patologia , Retina/imunologia , Retina/metabolismo , Retina/patologia , Neurônios Retinianos/metabolismo , Retinite/sangue , Retinite/complicações , Retinite/metabolismo , Retinite/patologiaRESUMO
Nitric oxide (NO) is a small, highly reactive, diffusible free radical which has been implicated in many physiological and pathophysiological processes. It has either pro-apoptotic or anti-apoptotic effects on cells, depending upon a host of factors. This review outlines some of the regulatory molecules and organelles involved in the apoptotic pathways that can be influenced by the presence of NO, including p53, Bcl-2, caspases, mitochondria, and heat shock proteins. The effects of NO on the apoptosis of tumour cells are also examined.
