Avaliação morfológica do cólon proximal de ratos diabéticos suplementados com extrato de Agaricus blazei murrill / Morphological evaluation of the proximal colon of diabetic rats supplemented with agaricus blazei murrill extract / Evaluación morfológica del colon proximal de ratas diabéticas suplementadas con extracto de agaricus blazei murrill

O diabetes mellitus tipo I é resultado da absoluta deficiência de insulina, estando associado à anormalidades no metabolismo. Transtornos no trato gastrointestinal, tais como vômitos, disfagia e diarreia são frequentes no diabetes, sendo relacionados a alterações na morfologia intestinal e no sistema nervoso entérico. Compostos ricos em antioxidantes vem sendo utilizados como prevenção ou tratamento do diabetes. Agaricus blazei Murrill possui grande interesse farmacológico pelas propriedades anti-inflamató- rias, hipoglicêmicas e antioxidantes. Neste trabalho, avaliamos a integridade estrutural da parede e inervação intrínseca do cólon proximal em modelo experimental de diabetes induzido por estreptozotocina, tratados ou não com A. blazei. Ratos Wistar foram dividi- dos em grupos: normoglicêmicos (N), diabéticos (D) e com suplementação (NB e DB) por gavagem do extrato hidroalcoólico de Agaricus blazei (200mg/Kg), por 120 dias. Amostras do cólon proximal foram destinadas à técnicas histológicas para análise mor- fométrica da túnica mucosa, profundidade das criptas, muscular da mucosa, muscular ex- terna e parede total, número de células caliciformes e avaliação morfoquantitativa da pop- ulação mioentérica. O diabetes promoveu redução da muscular externa e muscular da mucosa com aumento na profundidade das criptas e área nuclear neuronal. O extrato promoveu hipertrofia da mucosa e muscular da mucosa. Houve manutenção na espessura da parede total, número de células caliciformes e na população neuronal mioentérica no diabetes e na suplementação. Conclui-se que o diabetes induzido por estreptozotocina e a suplementação com o extrato de Agaricus blazei causam ajustes morfológicos nas túnicas intestinais, sem interferir na parede e inervação mioentérica do cólon proximal, preservando a morfofisiologia absortiva e motora deste segmento

Type I diabetes mellitus is a result of absolute insulin deficiency and is associated with abnormalities in metabolism. Disorders in the gastrointestinal tract, such as vomiting, dysphagia and diarrhea are common in diabetes, being related to changes in intestinal morphology and enteric nervous system. Antioxidant rich compounds have been used as prevention or treatment of diabetes. Agaricus blazei Murrill is highly pharmacologically interested in anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic and antioxidant properties. In this work, we evaluated the structural integrity of the wall and intrinsic innervation of the proximal colon in an experimental model of streptozotocin-induced diabetes, treated or not with A. blazei Wistar rats were divided into groups: normoglycemic (N), diabetic (D) and supplementation (NB and DB) by gavage of the hydroalcoholic extract of Agaricus blazei (200mg / kg) for 120 days. Samples of the proximal colon were used for histological techniques for morphometric analysis of the mucosa, depth of the crypts, muscularis mucosa, external muscular and total wall, number of goblet cells and morpho-quantitative evaluation of the myenteric population. Diabetes promoted reduction of muscularis mucosa and external muscular with increased depth of the crypts and nuclear neuronal area. The extract promoted mucosa and muscular of the mucosa hypertrophy. There were maintenance of total wall thickness, number of goblet cells and in the myenteric neuronal population in diabetes and supplementation. It is concluded that streptozotocin-induced diabetes and supplementation with Agaricus blazei extract cause morphological adjustments in the intestinal tunica, without interfering with the wall and myenteric innervation of the proximal colon, preserving the absorptive and motor morphophysiology of this segment.

La diabetes mellitus tipo I es el resultado de la deficiencia absoluta de insulina y se asocia con anomalías en el metabolismo. Los trastornos del tracto gastrointestinal, como vómitos, disfagia y diarrea son frecuentes en la diabetes, estando relacionados con cambios en la morfología intestinal y en el sistema nervioso entérico. Los compuestos ricos en antioxidantes se han utilizado como prevención o tratamiento de la diabetes. Agaricus blazei Murrill está muy interesado farmacológicamente en propiedades antiinflamatorias, hipoglucémicas y antioxidantes. En este trabajo, se evaluó la integridad estructural de la pared e inervación intrínseca del colon proximal en un modelo experimental de diabetes inducida por estreptozotocina, tratada o no con ratas A. blazei Wistar, divididas en grupos: normoglucémico (N), diabético (D) y suplementación (NB y DB) por sonda del extracto hidroalcohólico de Agaricus blazei (200mg/kg) por 120 días. Se utilizaron muestras del colon proximal para técnicas histológicas de análisis morfométrico de la mucosa, profundidad de las criptas, mucosa muscular, pared externa muscular y total, número de células caliciformes y evaluación morfo-cuantitativa de la población mientérica. La diabetes promovió la reducción de la muscular de la mucosa y de la muscular externa con el aumento de la profundidad de las criptas y del área neuronal nuclear. El extracto promovió la hipertrofia mucosa y muscular de la mucosa. Hubo mantenimiento del espesor total de la pared, número de células caliciformes y en la población neuronal mientérica en diabetes y suplementación. Se concluye que la diabetes inducida por estreptozotocina y la suplementación con extracto de Agaricus blazei causan ajustes morfológicos en la túnica intestinal, sin interferir con la pared e inervación mientérica del colon proximal, conservando la morfofisiología absortiva y motora de este segmento.

Tendência da mortalidade por Diabetes Mellitus no Paraná, Brasil, entre 1984 e 2014: regressão joinpoint / Trend in mortality from Diabetes Mellitus in the state of Paraná, Brazil, between 1984 and 2014: Joinpoint regression

O objetivo foi analisar a tendência da mortalidade por Diabetes mellitus (DM) no Paraná (Brasil) no período de 1984 a 2014, por meio de pesquisa analítica retrospectiva do Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade (SIM) quanto a notificações de DM como causa básica do óbito. Os dados foram digitados no software Microsoft Excel®. Foi utilizado o Jointpoint regression analysis para calcular a percentagem anual de mudança da taxa com intervalo de confiança de 95%. Entre o período de 1984 a 2014, ocorreram 60343 óbitos decorrentes do DM. No Paraná, observou-se que a taxa de mortalidade por DM no período analisado passou de 14,37/100000 habitantes para 29,27/100000 habitantes. A tendência da mortalidade de 1984 a 2000 foi crescente, mantendo-se estável a partir de 2000 a 2014. Um aspecto promissor foi a constatação da estabilização da taxa de mortalidade no período de 2000 a 2014, num contexto que verifica-se aumento progressivo do número de casos da doença.(AU)

The objective was to analyze the trend in Diabetes Mellitus (DM) mortality in the state of Paraná (Brazil) from 1984 to 2014. This is a retrospective analytical research on mortality from DM as a basic cause of death in Paraná, reported to the Mortality Information System (SIM). Data was entered in Microsoft Excel® software. Jointpoint regression analysis was used to calculate the annual rate change with a 95% confidence interval. Between 1984 and 2014, there were 60,343 deaths from DM. In Paraná, it was observed that the DM mortality rate in the analyzed period increased from 14.37/100,000 inhabitants to 29.27/100,000 inhabitants. The trend in mortality from 1984 to 2000 has been increasing, remaining stable from 2000 to 2014. A promising aspect was the stabilization of the mortality rate in the period from 2000 to 2014, in a context where there is a progressive increase in the number of cases of the disease. (AU)

Prevalence of Streptococcus agalactiae colonization in pregnant women from the 18th Health Region of Paraná State.

Introduction The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of GBS colonization in pregnant women in a public health service. Methods A study of 496 pregnant women at 35-37 gestational weeks was conducted from September 2011 to March 2014 in 21 municipalities of the 18th Health Region of Paraná State. Vaginal and anorectal samples of each woman were plated on sheep blood agar, and in HPTH and Todd-Hewitt enrichment broths. Results Of the 496 pregnant women, 141 (28.4%) were positive for GBS based on the combination of the three culture media with vaginal and anorectal samples. The prevalence was 23.7% for vaginal samples and 21.9% for anorectal ones. Among the variables analyzed in this study, only urinary infection was a significant factor (0.026) associated with GBS colonization in women. Conclusions Based on these results, health units should performs universal screening of pregnant women and hospitals should provide adequate prophylaxis, when indicated.

Vitamins C and E (ascorbate/α-tocopherol) provide synergistic neuroprotection in the jejunum in experimental diabetes.

The present study evaluated the synergistic effects of the association of ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol on myenteric in the jejunum of diabetic rats. The rats were randomly divided into four equal groups: untreated normoglycemic (UC), untreated diabetic (UD), ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol-treated normoglycemic (CAE) and ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol-treated diabetic (DAE). The rats from the CAE and DAE group received supplementation with ascorbic acid (1g/L in water) and α-tocopherol (1% in chow). At 210-days-old, the animals were sacrified and their jejunum was collected and submitted to immunohistochemistry. Quantitative and/or morphometric analysis were performed. Supplementation with ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol prevented the cell loss of myenteric neurons expressing HuC/D and TrkA in an equivalent proportion. We also observed a reduction of the CGRP nerve fiber varicosities and the prevention of the increased cell body size of submucosal VIP neurons (p<0.05). The association of ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol reduced the deleterious effects of diabetes promoting protection on the enteric neurons.

Bullying entre los estudiantes de la educacion publica: estudio en una ciudad del Norte del Paraná, Brasil / Bullying entre estudantes da rede pública de ensino: estudo em uma cidade do norte do Paraná, Brasil / Bullying among students of the public school system: study in a city of northern Paraná, Brazil

El bullying entre los adolescentes en el ámbito escolar es de gran interés para la salud, ya que es una conducta abusiva que afecta a la salud física y emocional de las víctimas de esta situación, que se considera una forma de violencia. Objetivo: investigar la prevalencia del bullying entre los adolescentes de una escuela primaria. Método: Se trata de un estudio descriptivo, transversal, con abordaje cuantitativo, el estudio se realizó en dos escuelas, con 302 alumnos matriculados entre el 5º y 8º grado. La participación era optativa y debía ser aceptada por los estudiantes y sus responsables. La recolección de datos se realizo a través de un cuestionario estructurado y se llevó a cabo en el aula. Resultados y Discusión: un 53 por ciento, de los en-trevistados, declaró que había sido víctima de apodos despectivos. El 16,5 por ciento, indicó que había sido objeto de chismes y calumnias. El 15 por ciento, había sido objeto de bromas pesadas. El 7,3 por ciento, había sido víctima de asalto; y un 2 por ciento admitió que algunas de sus pertenencias habían sido rotas o deterioradas a causa de actos de violencia y vandalismo de otros compañeros de clase. Sólo un 6,2 por ciento afirmó nunca haber sufrido algún ataque. Conclusión: los resultados caracterizan la presencia y el tamaño de la intimidación en el entorno escolar...

O bullying entre adolescentes no âmbito escolar é de grande interesse para a saúde, já que é uma conduta abusiva que afeta a saúde física e mental das pessoas que vivenciam esta situação, a qual é considerada uma forma de violência. Objetivo: investigar a prevalência de bullying entre os adolescentes do Ensino Fundamental. Método: trata-se de um estudo descritivo, transversal de abordagem quantitativa realizado em duas escolas, com 302 alunos matriculados entre a 5° e 8° série de uma escola pública de um município localizado no Estado do Paraná-Brasil. A participação dos adolescentes ocorreu de forma consentida pelos seus responsáveis. A coleta de dados foi realizada na sala de aula com aplicação de um questionário estruturado. Resultados e Discussão: 58,3 por cento dos adolescentes pesquisados admitem já ter sofrido bulliyng; 24,4 por cento admitiram ser vítimas de três ou mais vezes por semana, por motivos de ciúme e inveja, aparência física, preconceitos e racismo. Apelidos depreciativos, fofocas e calúnias e piadas forma os principais tipos evidenciados. Conclusão: Os resultados deste estudo permitiram concluir a alta prevalência de bullying no ambiente escolar. É um problema de saúde pública que exige atenção especial das escolas, família e comunidade...

The bullying among adolescents in school is of great interest to health since it is an improper conduct that affect the physical and mental health of people who experience this situation which is considered a form of violence. Objective: this study had as an objective to investigate the prevalence of bullying between the basic education teenagers. Method: it is about a quantitative, descriptive, transversal research performed in two schools, with 302 students registered between 5th and 8th grade of a public school in a municipality located in the state of Paraná, Brazil. The participation of the students was authorized by the responsible. The data collect was done at the classroom of the respective grades, with the application of a structured survey. There sults allowed to feature/characterize the presence and the dimensions of bullying at school environment. Results and Discussion: 58,3 percent of adolescents surveyed admit to having suffered bullying; 24,4 percent admitted to being victims of three or more times a week, for reasons of jealousy and envy, physical appearance, prejudice and racism. Derogatory nicknames, gossip, slander and jokes forms the mains evidenced types of bullying. Conclusion: the results of this study have concluded the high prevalence of bullying in the school environment. It is a public health problem that requires special attention from schools, families and community...

Supplementation with 0.1% and 2% vitamin e in diabetic rats: analysis of myenteric neurons immunostained for myosin-V and nNOS in the jejunum / Suplementação com vitamina E 0,1% e 2% em ratos diabéticos: análise de neurônios mioentéricos imunomarcados para miosina-V e nNOS no jejuno

CONTEXT: Diabetes mellitus is a disease characterized by hyperglycemia that, when allowed to progress long-term untreated, develops vascular and neurological complications, which are responsible for the development of alterations in the enteric nervous system in diabetic patients. In the gastrointestinal tract, diabetes mellitus promotes motor and sensory changes, and in the reflex function of this system, causing gastroparesis, diarrhea, constipation, megacolon, slow gastrointestinal transit, gastric stasis and dilation with decreased or increased peristaltic contractions. Several studies have shown that oxidative stress is the main responsible for the vascular and neurological complications affecting the enteric nervous system of diabetics. OBJECTIVE: The effects of 0.1% and 2% vitamin E on myosin-V- and nNOS-immunoreactive neurons in the jejunum of diabetic rats were investigated. METHODS: Thirty rats were divided into the groups: normoglycemic, normoglycemic treated with 0.1% vitamin E, normoglycemic treated with 2% vitamin E, diabetic, diabetic treated with 0.1% vitamin E, and diabetic treated with 2% vitamin E. The neuronal density and areas of neuron cell bodies were determined. RESULTS: Diabetes (diabetic group) significantly reduced the number of myosin-V-immunoreactive neurons compared with the normoglycemic group. The diabetic treated with 0.1% vitamin E and diabetic treated with 2% vitamin E groups did not exhibit a greater density than the D group (P>0.05). Nitrergic density did not change with diabetes (P>0.05). The areas of myosin-V- and nNOS-immunoreactive neurons significantly increased in the normoglycemic treated with 2% vitamin E and diabetic groups compared with the normoglycemic group. CONCLUSION: Supplementation with 2% vitamin E had a neurotrophic effect only in the area of myosin-V-immunoreactive neurons compared with the diabetic group.

CONTEXTO: O diabetes mellitus (DM) é uma doença caracterizada pela hiperglicemia que a longo prazo, quando não tratada, desenvolve complicações vasculares e neurológicas, responsáveis pelo desenvolvimento das alterações no sistema nervoso entérico de pacientes diabéticos. Em nível gastrointestinal o DM provoca modificações motoras, sensoriais e na função reflexa desse sistema, podendo ocasionar gastroparesia, diarreia, constipação, megacólon, lentidão do trânsito gastrointestinal, estase e dilatação gástrica com diminuição ou aumento de contrações peristálticas. Diversos estudos têm evidenciado que o estresse oxidativo é o principal responsável pelas complicações vasculares e neurológicas que atingem o sistema nervoso entérico de diabéticos. OBJETIVO: O efeito da vitamina E 0,1% e 2 sobre a miosina-V e nNOS imunorreativas em neurônios do jejuno de ratos diabéticos foram investigados. MÉTODOS: Trinta ratos foram divididos em grupos: normoglicêmicos (NU), normoglicêmicos tratados com vitamina E 0,1% (NE1), normoglicêmicos tratados com vitamina E 2% (NE2), diabético (UD), diabéticos tratados com vitamina E 0,1% (DE1), e diabéticos tratados com vitamina E 2% (DE2). A densidade neuronal e áreas de corpos celulares de neurônios foram determinadas. RESULTADOS: Diabetes (UD grupo) reduziu significativamente o número de neurônios miosina-V imunorreativos quando comparado com o grupo UN. Os grupos DE1 e DE2 não exibem uma maior densidade do que o grupo D (P>0,05). Densidade nitrérgicos não se alterou com diabetes (P>0,05). As áreas dos neurônios miosina-V e nNOS imunorreativos aumentaram significativamente nos grupos NE2 e UD comparados com o grupo UN. CONCLUSÃO: A suplementação com vitamina E 2% teve um efeito neurotrófico apenas na área da miosina-V imunorreativos neurônios em comparação com o grupo UD.

Supplementation with 0.1% and 2% vitamin E in diabetic rats: analysis of myenteric neurons immunostained for myosin-V and nNOS in the jejunum.

CONTEXT: Diabetes mellitus is a disease characterized by hyperglycemia that, when allowed to progress long-term untreated, develops vascular and neurological complications, which are responsible for the development of alterations in the enteric nervous system in diabetic patients. In the gastrointestinal tract, diabetes mellitus promotes motor and sensory changes, and in the reflex function of this system, causing gastroparesis, diarrhea, constipation, megacolon, slow gastrointestinal transit, gastric stasis and dilation with decreased or increased peristaltic contractions. Several studies have shown that oxidative stress is the main responsible for the vascular and neurological complications affecting the enteric nervous system of diabetics. OBJECTIVE: The effects of 0.1% and 2% vitamin E on myosin-V- and nNOS-immunoreactive neurons in the jejunum of diabetic rats were investigated. METHODS: Thirty rats were divided into the groups: normoglycemic, normoglycemic treated with 0.1% vitamin E, normoglycemic treated with 2% vitamin E, diabetic, diabetic treated with 0.1% vitamin E, and diabetic treated with 2% vitamin E. The neuronal density and areas of neuron cell bodies were determined. RESULTS: Diabetes (diabetic group) significantly reduced the number of myosin-V-immunoreactive neurons compared with the normoglycemic group. The diabetic treated with 0.1% vitamin E and diabetic treated with 2% vitamin E groups did not exhibit a greater density than the D group (P>0.05). Nitrergic density did not change with diabetes (P>0.05). The areas of myosin-V- and nNOS-immunoreactive neurons significantly increased in the normoglycemic treated with 2% vitamin E and diabetic groups compared with the normoglycemic group. CONCLUSION: Supplementation with 2% vitamin E had a neurotrophic effect only in the area of myosin-V-immunoreactive neurons compared with the diabetic group.

L-glutamine supplementation prevents myenteric neuron loss and has gliatrophic effects in the ileum of diabetic rats.

BACKGROUND: Peripheral neuropathy caused chronically by diabetes mellitus is related to exacerbation of oxidative stress and a significant reduction in important endogenous antioxidants. L: -Glutamine is an amino acid involved in defense mechanisms and is a substrate for the formation of glutathione, the major endogenous cellular antioxidant. AIM: This study investigated the effects of 2% L: -glutamine supplementation on peripheral diabetic neuropathy and enteric glia in the ileum in rats. METHODS: Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: normoglycemics (N), normoglycemics supplemented with L: -glutamine (NG), diabetics (D), and diabetics supplemented with L: -glutamine (DG). After 120 days, the ileums were processed for HuC/D and S100 immunohistochemistry. Quantitative and morphometric analysis was performed. RESULTS: Diabetes significantly reduced the number of HuC/D-immunoreactive myenteric neurons per unit area and per ganglion in group D compared with normoglycemic animals (group N). L: -Glutamine (2%) prevented neuronal death induced by diabetes (group DG) compared with group D. The glial density per unit area did not change with diabetes (group D) but was significantly reduced after L: -glutamine supplementation (groups NG and DG). Ganglionic glial density was similar among the four groups. The neuronal area was not altered in groups D and DG. Glial size was reduced in group D; this was reversed by L: -glutamine supplementation (group DG). CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that 2% L: -glutamine had neuroprotective effects directly on myenteric neurons and indirectly through glial cells, which had gliatrophic effects.

Diabetic rats supplemented with L-glutamine: a study of immunoreactive myosin-V myenteric neurons and the proximal colonic mucosa.

We studied the neuronal density and size of myenteric neurons and the epithelial cell proliferation and crypt depth of the proximal colon in diabetic Wistar rats after supplementing them with L-glutamine (1%). The animals were divided into five groups: untreated normoglycemic (UN), L-glutamine-treated normoglycemic (NG), untreated diabetic (UD), and L-glutamine-treated diabetics 4 days (DG4) and 45 days (DG45) days after the onset of diabetes. We observed a reduction of 52.7% and 50.44% in the neuronal density of the proximal colon of the UD group compared to the UN and NG groups, respectively (P<0.05). The neuronal density found for the DG4 (32.8%) and DG45 (28.6%) groups was higher than that of the UD group (P>0.05). There were no significant differences (P>0.05) when the data relative to the area of the myenteric neuron cell bodies, metaphasic index, and crypt depth in the proximal colon were compared among experimental groups.