Phytochemical screening and evaluation of the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Ferula caspica M. Bieb. extracts.

Chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts from the aerial parts of Ferula caspica M. Bieb. were tested for their antioxidant capacities by CUPRAC, ABTS, FRAP, Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride methods and for antimicrobial activities by the broth microdilution method. Chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts showed the highest antioxidant capacity and antimicrobial activity. Three known sesquiterpene derivatives; 1-(2',4'-dihydroxyphenyl)-3,7,11-trimethyl-3-vinyl-6(E),10-dodecadien-1-one (1), 2,3-dihydro-7-hydroxy-2,3-dimethyl-2-[4',8'-dimethyl-3',7'-nonadienyl]-furo[3,2,c]coumarin (2), 2,3-dihydro-7-hydroxy-2,3-dimethyl-3-[4',8'-dimethyl-3',7'-nonadienyl]-furo[3,2,c]coumarin(3); phenylpropanoid; laserine/2-epilaserine (4/5) and steroid mixtures; stigmasterol and ß-sitosterol (6/7) were isolated from chloroform extract; three known flavonoids; kaempferol-3-O-ß-glucopyranoside (8), kaempferol-3-O-α-rhamnopyranoside (9), quercetin-3-O-ß-glucopyranoside (10), and one benzoic acid derivative; 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (11) were isolated from the ethyl acetate extract. The structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods.

Tyrosinase and Cholinesterase Inhibitory Potential and Flavonoid Characterization of Viola odorata L. (Sweet Violet).

Inhibitory potential of the dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, ethanol, and aqueous extracts of Viola odorata L. (VO) was investigated against tyrosinase (TYR) and cholinesterases by microplate assays. The antioxidant activity was tested using six in vitro assays. Only the ethanol extract inhibited TYR (80.23 ± 0.87% at 100 µg mL-1 ), whereas none of them were able to inhibit cholinesterases. The extracts were more able to scavenge NO radical (31.98 ± 0.53-56.68 ± 1.10%) than other radicals tested, and displayed low to moderate activity in the rest of the assays. HPLC analysis revealed that the aqueous extract of VO contained a substantial amount of vitexin (18.81 ± 0.047 mg g-1 extract), while the ethanol extract also possessed rutin (1.31 ± 0.013 mg g-1 extract) and vitexin (4.65 ± 0.103 mg g-1 extract). Furthermore, three flavonoids (rutin, isovitexin, and kaempferol-6-glucoside) were isolated from the ethanol extract. This is the first report on TYR inhibitory activity of VO as well as presence of vitexin and isovitexin in this species. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Inhibitory effect of the methanolic extract of Verbascum latisepalum Hub.-Mor. on endothelium-dependent relaxation in rat thoracic aorta.

The leaves and flowers of Verbascum species are used to treat respiratory disorders, haemorrhoids, rheumatic pain, and wounds as well as for the treatment of eczema and other types of inflammatory skin conditions in traditional Turkish medicine. We examined the effect of the methanolic extract of the aerial parts of Verbascum latisepalum Hub.-Mor. on the endothelium-dependent relaxation response in rat aortic rings which is mediated by nitric oxide (NO). Six fractions, A-F, were obtained from the methanolic extract through bioassay-guided fractionation procedures. The phenylethanoid glycoside verbascoside was isolated from fraction D and its structure elucidated by spectral techniques. The inhibitory effects of the extract, its fractions, and verbascoside on the acetylcholine-induced relaxation response in phenylephrine-precontracted aorta was examined in the absence and presence of L-arginine, a precursor in the synthesis of NO. The observation that the effects of the methanolic extract, of fraction D, and of verbascoside were reversed by L-arginine, indicates that verbascoside has an inhibitory effect on the synthesis of NO. This effect should be taken into consideration in view of the wide range of uses of Verbascum species in Turkish folk medicine.

In vitro anthelmintic effect of Vicia pannonica var. purpurascens on trichostrongylosis in sheep.

Vicia species are used for the treatment of malaria, diarrhea, hemorrhoids, kidney problems and infertility in Turkish traditional medicine. The present study was carried out to evaluate the in vitro anthelmintic effects of Vicia pannonica Crantz. var. purpurascens (DC). Ser. extracts. Larval motility test was used to determine anthelmintic activity of this plant. Motility of the larvae is measured by observation. The methanol, n-hexane, chloroform, acetone, and aqueous extracts of the aerial parts of the plant including the leaves and flowers were applied to developing trichostrongylus larvae at 1, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2 and 0.1 mg/ml doses. Thiabendazole and distilled water with 5% DMSO was used as positive and negative control. All of the extracts were 100% effective. Two flavone and flavonol glycosides; luteolin-7-ß-O-glucopyranoside (1) and quercetin-3-O-ß-glucopyranoside (2) were isolated from the acetone extract and their structures were elucidated by spectral techniques. The solutions prepared from two flavonoid fractions at several doses were performed in vitro to larvae in the same way. Both of them were 100% effective at 1 and 0.8 mg/ml doses. Results of the present study support the utilization of these plant species employed in Turkish folk medicine.

The effects of Feijoa sellowiana fruits on the antioxidant defense system, lipid peroxidation, and tissue morphology in rats.

CONTEXT: The fruits of Feijoa sellowiana Berg. (Myrtaceae) have been used to treat goiter in traditional Turkish medicine. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the in vivo antioxidant activities of different polarities of the fruit extracts in blood and tissue (liver, kidney, brain, and heart) antioxidant defense systems in standard pellet diet and in high fat diet consumed, male rats were assessed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The extracts (methanol, n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and aqueous) were administered orally to male rats at 50 mg/kg doses daily for 4 weeks. The blood and tissue malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH) levels, plasma nitrate (NO(x)) level, total triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine, cholesterol, triglyceride, protein, and glucose levels were determined, and erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities; plasma antioxidant activity (AOA) were experimentally studied. RESULTS: Blood MDA level (7.81 ± 0.4) was significantly decreased; GSH level (29.65 ± 1.21) and AOA (1.52 ± 0.08) were increased in ethyl acetate extract as compared with control and the other extracts. In addition, all the extracts decreased MDA levels and increased GSH levels (except brain tissue homogenate) in the tissue homogenates. Erythrocyte SOD and CAT activity levels were unchanged in F. sellowiana extracts. However, the extracts had no effect on plasma NO(x). In the histopathological examinations, any changes or damage in the vital organs were seen in animals. CONCLUSION: The experimental data demonstrated that F. sellowiana extracts displayed remarkable antioxidant activity and decreased lipid peroxidation in rats; furthermore, no histopathological changes or damage have been observed in the vital organs of rats.

Bioassay-guided isolation of anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive and wound healer glycosides from the flowers of Verbascum mucronatum Lam.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: The leaves, flowers and whole aerial parts of Verbascum L. species have been used to treat respiratory problems, haemorrhoids and other types of inflammatory conditions in traditional Turkish medicine. AIM OF THE STUDY: In order to evaluate this traditional information, the anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive and wound healing activities of Verbascum mucronatum Lam. which is used as haemostatic in Turkish folk medicine were investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In vivo inhibitory effect of the extracts on the carrageenan-induced hind paw edema model in mice was studied for the assessment of anti-inflammatory activity. Moreover, the wound healing potential of the plant were evaluated by using in vivo wound healing experimental models, i.e. incision and excision models on mice and rats, were comparatively assessed with a reference ointment Madecassol(®). Skin samples were also evaluated histopathologically. RESULTS: The results of these experimental studies exhibited that Verbascum mucronatum displays anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive and wound healing activities. Through bioassay-guided fractionation and isolation procedures four iridoid glucosides, ajugol (1), aucubin (2), lasianthoside I (3), catalpol (4), two saponins, ilwensisaponin A (5) and C (6) and a phenylethanoid glycoside, verbascoside (7) were isolated and their structures were elucidated by spectral techniques. Verbascoside (7) was found to possess significant wound healing activity as well as antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory potentials, per os without inducing any apparent acute toxicity or gastric damage. CONCLUSION: The experimental study revealed that Verbascum mucronatum displays remarkable antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and wound healing activities.

An ethnopharmacological study on Verbascum species: from conventional wound healing use to scientific verification.

AIM OF THE STUDY: The leaves, flowers, and whole aerial parts of Verbascum L. (Scrophulariaceae) species are used to treat eczema and other types of inflammatory skin conditions and as a desiccant for wounds in Turkish traditional medicine. In the present study, the methanolic extracts of 13 Verbascum species growing in Turkey, including Verbascum chionophyllum Hub.-Mor., Verbascum cilicicum Boiss., Verbascum dudleyanum (Hub.-Mor.) Hub.-Mor., Verbascum lasianthum Boiss., Verbascum latisepalum Hub.-Mor., Verbascum mucronatum Lam., Verbascum olympicum Boiss., Verbascum pterocalycinum var. mutense Hub.-Mor., Verbascum pycnostachyum Boiss. & Heldr., Verbascum salviifolium Boiss., Verbascum splendidum Boiss., Verbascum stachydifolium Boiss. & Heldr and Verbascum uschackense (Murb.) Hub.-Mor. were assessed for their in vivo wound healing activity. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In vivo wound healing activity of the plants were evaluated by linear incision and circular excision experimental models subsequently histopathological analysis. The healing potential was comparatively assessed with a reference ointment Madecassol(®), which contains 1% extract of Centella asiatica. RESULTS: The methanolic extracts of Verbascum olympicum, Verbascum stachydifolium and Verbascum uschackense demonstrated the highest activities on the both wound models. Moreover, the methanolic extracts of Verbascum latisepalum, Verbascum mucronatum, and Verbascum pterocalycinum var. mutense were found generally highly effective. On the other hand, the rest of the species did not show any remarkable wound healing effect. Results of the present study support the continued and expanded utilization of these plant species employed in Turkish folk medicine. CONCLUSION: The experimental study revealed that Verbascum species display remarkable wound healing activity.

Cholinesterase inhibitory and antioxidant properties of Verbascum mucronatum Lam. and its secondary metabolites.

The aqueous extract of Verbascum mucronatum Lam. along with its fractions and secondary metabolites were assessed for their antioxidant, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitory activities. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by three methods: as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, ferrous ion-chelating effect, and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) tests. The AChE activity was determined by the Ellman method using an ELISA microplate reader. Phytochemical investigations revealed the presence of four iridoid glucosides, ajugol (1), aucubin (2), lasianthoside I (3) and catalpol (4), two saponins, ilwensisaponin A (5) and C (6), and a phenylethanoid glycoside, verbascoside (7), in Verbascum mucronatum. Their structures were elucidated by spectral techniques. The aqueous extract and fractions including the phenylethanoid glycoside 7 showed DPPH scavenger effect and had the best FRAP. Besides these results, one of the phenylethanoid fractions displayed the highest ferrous ion-chelating effect. While only 7 was found to possess moderate AChE inhibition, the extract, fractions, and all other tested compounds did not inhibit AChE and BChE.

Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive potential of major phenolics from Verbascum salviifolium Boiss.

The potential effects of flavonoids, phenylethanoid and neolignan glycosides from the aerial parts of Verbascum salviifolium Boiss. were studied in the p-benzoquinone-induced writhing reflex, for the assessment of the antinociceptive activity, and in carrageenan- and PGE1-induced hind paw edema and 12-O-tetradecanoyl-13-acetate (TPA)-induced ear edema models in mice, for the assessment of the anti-inflammatory activity. Through bioassay-guided fractionation and isolation procedures ten compounds from the aqueous extract of the plant, luteolin 7-O-glucoside (1), luteolin 3'-O-glucoside (2), apigenin 7-O-glucoside (3), chrysoeriol 7-O-glucoside (4), beta-hydroxyacteoside (5), martynoside (6), forsythoside B (7), angoroside A (8), dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol-9'-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (9) and dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol-9-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (10), were isolated and their structures were elucidated by spectral techniques. Results have shown that 1, 2, 3 and 5 significantly inhibited carrageenan-induced paw edema at a 200 mg/kg dose, while 1, 2 and 5 also displayed anti-inflammatory activity against the PGE1-induced hind paw edema model. However, all the compounds showed no effect in the TPA-induced ear edema model. The compounds 1 and 2 also exhibited significant antinociceptive activity.

Screening for free radical scavenging and cell aggregation inhibitory activities by secondary metabolites from Turkish Verbascum species.

Free radical scavenging and cell aggregation inhibitory activities of 36 secondary metabolites isolated from the methanolic extracts of Verbascum cilicicum Boiss., V. lasianthum Boiss. ex Bentham, V pterocalycinum var. mutense Hub.-Mor., and V. salviifolium Boiss. (Scrophulariaceae) were investigated. The isolated compounds, 6-O-vaniloyl ajugol (1), ilwensisaponin A (2), ilwensisaponin C (3), verbascoside (4), beta-hydroxyacteoside (5), martynoside (6), poliumoside (7), forsythoside B (8), angoroside A (9), dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol-9-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (10), dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol-9'-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (11), apigenin 7-O-beta-glucopyranoside (12), luteolin 7-O-beta-glucopyranoside (13), luteolin 3'-O-beta-glucopyranoside (14) and chrysoeriol 7-O-beta-glucopyranoside (15), exhibited a dose-dependent inhibition of bioautographic and spectrophotometric DPPH activities. Verbascoside (4) was the most active (IC50 4.0 microg/ml) comparing it to vitamin C (IC50 4.4 microg/ml) to inhibit phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-induced peroxide-catalyzed oxidation of 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein (DCFH) by reactive oxygen species (ROS) within human promyelocytic HL-60 cells. Ilwensisaponin A (2) (MIC 6.9 microg/ml) showed moderate in vitro activity on lymphocyte-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1)/intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1)-mediated aggregation using the HL-60 cell line [positive control was cytochalasin B (MIC 2.3 microg/ml)]. None of the other compounds showed free radical scavenging and cell aggregation inhibitory activities.

Estimation of antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity on Geranium pratense subsp. finitimum and its phenolic compounds.

To obtain experimental evidence on the therapeutic efficacy of Geranium species and its phenolic compounds for inflammatory diseases, we examined the effects of the aqueous extract of the aerial parts of Geranium pratense subsp. finitimum (Woronow) Knuth, its fractions and isolated compounds, the mixture of quercetin 3-O-alpha-arabinopyranoside, kaempferol 3-O-beta-galactopyranoside (1), the mixture of quercetin 3-O-beta-glucopyranoside, quercetin 3-O-beta-galactopyranoside (2), kaempferol 3-O-beta-glucopyranoside (3), (-)-6-chloroepicatechin (4), the mixture of quercetin 3-O-(2''-O-galloyl)-beta-glucopyranoside, quercetin 3-O-(2''-O-galloyl)-beta-galactopyranoside (5) and myricetin 3-O-(2''-O-galloyl)-beta-glucopyranoside (6), on carrageenan-, PGE(2)- and TPA-induced inflammation in mice and p-benzoquinone-induced writhing reflex to assess anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities. The effective dose of materials for the inhibition of carragenan-induced hind paw edema assay was determined to be 100 mg/kg, which was also used in the assays with the extract, its fractions and isolated compounds in all other experiments. The aqueous extract, 1, 2 (100 mg/kg), as well as indomethacin (10 mg/kg) inhibited significantly the formation of the carrageenan-induced hind paw edema. There was also a significant reduction in PGE(2)-induced hind paw edema and TPA-induced ear edema models with 5, in addition to the aqueous extract and the other active components 1 and 2. In the antinociceptive assay, the aqueous extract and its fractions, as well as 1, 2, and 5 diminished significantly the number of writhings. Based on the results obtained it is suggested that the aqueous extract of Geranium pratense subsp. finitimum and its phenolic compounds display anti-inflammatory activity, supporting the folkloric use.

Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of saponin and iridoid glycosides from Verbascum pterocalycinum var. mutense Hub.-Mor.

The anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive properties of four major compounds from the flowers of Verbascum pterocalycinum var. mutense were investigated. Saponin glycosides called ilwensisaponin A and C and iridoid glycosides known as ajugol and picroside IV were isolated from the methanolic extract. A dose-related anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive response were obtained in this study at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg. The results of the evaluation of the anti-inflammatory activity induced by carrageenan and PGE1 showed that this species possesses active constituents that could diminish the cyclooxygenase activitiy. No effects were observed in the 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced ear edema model. Our results support the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of Verbascum pterocalycinum var. mutense. Ilwensisaponins A and C could explain in part the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of this species. Although antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of ajugol and picroside IV were found insignificant in the statistical analysis, ilwensisaponin A and C showed notable activity without inducing any apparent acute toxicity as well as gastric damage.

Bioassay-guided isolation of anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive glycoterpenoids from the flowers of Verbascum lasianthum Boiss. ex Bentham.

Infusions of Verbascumlasianthum flowers have been used for hemorrhoids in Turkish folk medicine. In order to evaluate the scientific basis for this practice, in vivo anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities of Verbascum lasianthum Boiss. ex Bentham flowers were investigated. A methanolic extract of the flowers was shown to possess significant inhibitory activity in the carrageenan-induced hind paw edema model and in p-benzoquinone-induced writhings in mice. Through bioassay-guided fractionation and isolation procedures eight compounds, 6-O-(4'''-O-trans-p-coumaroyl)-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosylaucubin (1), 6-O-(4'''-O-trans-p-methoxycinnamoyl)-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosylaucubin (2), sinuatol (3), aucubin (4), geniposidic acid (5), catalpol (6), ajugol (7) and ilwensisaponin A (8) were isolated and their structures were elucidated by spectral techniques. An iridoid glucoside, aucubin (4) and a triterpenoid saponin, ilwensisaponin A (8) were found to possess significant antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities, per os without inducing any apparent acute toxicity or gastric damage. Results of the present study support the continued and expanded utilization of plants employed in Turkish folk medicine.