RESUMO
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-borne virus with significant public health implications around the world. Climate change, as well as rapid urbanization, threatens to expand the population range of Aedes vector mosquitoes globally, increasing CHIKV cases worldwide in return. Epidemiological data suggests a sex-dependent response to CHIKV infection. In this review, we draw attention to the importance of studying sex as a biological variable by introducing epidemiological studies from previous CHIKV outbreaks. While the female sex appears to be a risk factor for chronic CHIKV disease, the male sex has recently been suggested as a risk factor for CHIKV-associated death; however, the underlying mechanisms for this phenotype are unknown. Additionally, we emphasize the importance of including mosquito salivary components when studying the immune response to CHIKV. As with other vector-transmitted pathogens, CHIKV has evolved to use these salivary components to replicate more extensively in mammalian hosts; however, the response to natural transmission of CHIKV has not been fully elucidated.
Assuntos
Aedes , Febre de Chikungunya , Vírus Chikungunya , Animais , Feminino , Masculino , Mosquitos Vetores , Febre de Chikungunya/epidemiologia , Imunidade , MamíferosRESUMO
Persons with ability issues are at considerably higher risk to develop substance use problems when compared to the general population. Yet, little is known about the current status of substance use treatment for this population. A comprehensive search of the literature revealed a need for (a) population-specific instruments for screening and assessment of the use of alcohol and drugs, including the misuse of prescription medication; (b) tailored treatment methods and individualized treatment plans that meet diverse literacy or cognitive needs;