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RESUMEN Introducción: La formación basada en competencias genéricas ha llevado a las instituciones de Educación Superior a someterse a los criterios del mercado y a generar planes de estudio que respondan a estas demandas. Objetivo: Conocer la opinión de los estudiantes de cuarto año de la carrera de Nutrición y Dietética de la Universidad de Atacama, respecto al desarrollo de las competencias genéricas durante su formación académica. Métodos: Se realizó una investigación cualitativa mediante estudio de casos. La población la conformaron 10 estudiantes curso 2017-2018, previa firma del consentimiento informado autorizado por dirección de la escuela. La recolección de datos se realizó mediante un grupo focal y el análisis a través de reducción. La rigurosidad científica estuvo determinada por los criterios de rigor: credibilidad, transferibilidad, dependencia, confirmabilidad y además triangulada por investigadores. Resultados: Nivel 1 se identificaron 334 unidades de significado, las que generaron cuatro categorías descriptivas, Nivel 2, emergieron tres metacategorías, lo que originó en el Nivel 3 un dominio cualitativo: contribución del estudiantado con respecto al desarrollo de las competencias genéricas durante su proceso de formación al considerar el actual plan de estudio. Conclusiones: Los estudiantes en su mayoría no reconocen lo qué son las competencias genéricas, ni las declaradas por la carrera y Universidad. Las genéricas que mejor identifican son compromiso ético, trabajo en equipo, capacidad de aprender y de adaptarse a nuevas situaciones, comunicación oral y escrita. Entre los aspectos que facilitan su desarrollo se encuentran las estrategias metodológicas con enfoque constructivista, en tanto los que la obstaculizan se centran en la falta de aplicabilidad práctica, falta de formación docente centrada en el estudiante, la inmadurez y desmotivación como condiciones personales del estudiante.
ABSTRACT Introduction: Training based on generic competencies has led Higher Education institutions to submit to market criteria, and to generate study plans that respond to these demands. Objective: To know the opinion of the fourth-year students of the Nutrition and Dietetics career of the University of Atacama, regarding the development of generic competences during their academic training. Methods: Qualitative research by cases study was carried out. The population was made up of 10 students 2017-2018 academic year, after signing an informed consent authorized by the school's management. Data collection was done through a focus group and analysis through reduction. Scientific rigor was determined by rigorous criteria: credibility, transferability, dependence and confirmability, and also triangulated by researchers. Results: Level 1, 334 units of meaning were identified, which generated 4 descriptive categories, Level 2, 3 meta-categories emerged, originating in Level 3 a qualitative domain: contribution of the students with respect to the development of Generic Competences during their process of training considering the current Study Plan. Conclusions: The majority of students do not recognize what generic competences are, nor those declared by the career and University. The generic ones that best identify are ethical commitment, teamwork, ability to learn and adapt to new situations, oral and written communication. Among the aspects that facilitate its development are methodological strategies with a constructivist approach, while those that hinder it are mainly focused on the lack of practical applicability, lack of student-centered teacher training, and immaturity and demotivation as personal conditions of the student.
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In this study, we report a low cost, fast and unexplored electrochemical synthesis strategy of copper oxide nanoneedles films as well as their morphological and chemical characterization. The nanostructured films were prepared using electrochemical anodization in alkaline electrolyte solutions of ethylene glycol, water and fluoride ions. The film morphology shows nanoneedle-shaped structures, with lengths up to 1-2 µm; meanwhile, high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HRXPS) and spectroscopy Raman analyses indicate that a mixture of Cu(II) and Cu(I) oxides, or only Cu(I) oxide, is obtained as the percentage of water in the electrolyte solution decreases. A preliminary study was also carried out for the photocatalytic degradation of the methylene blue (MB) dye under irradiation with simulated sunlight in the presence of the nanoneedles obtained, presenting a maximum degradation value of 88% of MB and, thus, demonstrating the potential characteristics of the material investigated in the degradation of organic dyes.
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In this study, we introduce a biological method for the production of ternary Quantum Dots (QDs): complex nanostructures with tunable optical and structural properties that utilizes post-synthesis modifications through cation exchange. This versatile in-situ cation exchange method being reported for the first time shows great potential for extending the scope of microbial synthesis. By using this bacterial-based method, we easily synthesize and purify CdS, CdSAg, and Ag2S nanocrystals of a size below 15 nm and with variable morphologies that exhibit fluorescence emissions covering a broad spectral range (from 400 to 800 nm). Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) results indicate the partial replacement of Cd2+ by Ag+ when AgNO3 concentration is increased. This replacement produces CdSAg ternary QDs hetero-structures with high stability, fluorescence in the NIR-I (700 - 800 nm), and 36.13% quantum yield. Furthermore, this reaction can be extended for the production of soluble Ag2S nanoparticles (NPs) without any traces of Cd. QDs biosynthesized through this cation exchange process display very low toxicity when tested in bacterial or human cell lines. Biosynthesized ternary hetero-structures were used as red fluorescent dyes to label HeLa cells in confocal microscopy studies, which validates its use in bioimaging applications in the near infrared region. In addition, the application of biologically-produced cadmium NPs in solar cells is reported for the first time. The three biosynthesized QDs were successfully used as photosensitizers, where the CdSAg QDs show the best photovoltaic parameters. Altogether, obtained results validate the use of bacterial cells for the controlled production of nanomaterials with properties that allow their application in diverse technologies. We developed a simple biological process for obtaining tunable Quantum Dots (QDs) with different metal compositions through a cation exchange process. Nanoparticles (NPs) are produced in the extracellular space of bacterial cells exposed to cysteine and CdCl2 in a reaction that depends on S2- generation mediated by cysteine desulfhydrase enzymes and uses cellular biomolecules to stabilize the nanoparticle. Using this extracellular approach, water-soluble fluorescent CdS, CdSAg, and Ag2S Quantum Dots with a tunable emission ranging from 400 to 800 nm were generated. This is the first study reporting the use of microorganisms to produce tunable ternary QDs and the first time that a cation exchange process mediated by cells is described. Obtained results validate the use of biological synthesis to produce NPs with new characteristics and opens a completely new research field related to the use of microorganisms to synthesize complex NPs that are difficult to obtain with regular chemical methods.
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Resumen: Objetivo: Analizar los factores que influyen en el comportamiento de Adherencia al tratamiento del paciente con Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2, en la Unidad de Especialidades de Enfermedades Crónicas en Villahermosa, en un periodo de 6 meses en el año 2018. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio de tipo cuantitativo, observacional, corte transversal y prospectivo, muestra de 106 pacientes con Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 en la Unidad de Especialidades de Enfermedades Crónicas (UNEMEs Ec), en Villahermosa Tabasco. Resultados: Predomina el género femenino con 68 %; el rango de edad es de 51 a 55 años con 19.8 %. En cuanto al nivel de escolaridad 70.8% con primaria y 66 % se dedican a las labores del hogar. En cuanto a los factores que influyen en el comportamiento de adherencia, 88 % lo están con el paciente y 77% con el proveedor; 56 % coinciden en que el factor socioeconómico a veces influye y 49 % refieren que los relacionados con la terapia nunca influyen. En cuanto al comportamiento de adherencia, 47 % refieren tener ventaja para adherencia, 41 % en riesgo de no desarrollar comportamientos de adherencia y el nivel de conocimientos de los pacientes, fue intermedio en 49.1 %. Conclusiones: La población estudiada tiene riesgo de no desarrollar comportamientos de adherencia y cuentan con un nivel de conocimientos intermedio, lo cual implica la necesidad de valorar la intervención psicológica, así como el proceso de enseñanza del paciente, para impactar y/o reorientarlos hacia una mayor adherencia como elemento importante en su beneficio.
Summary: Objective: Analyze the factors that influence the behavior of Adherence to the treatment of the patient with Diabetes Mellitus type 2, in the Unit of Specialties of Chronic Diseases in Villahermosa, over a period of 6 months in 2018. Materials and methods: A quantitative, observational, cross-sectional and prospective study was carried out, with a sample of 106 patients with Diabetes Mellitus type 2 in the Unit of Specialties of Chronic Diseases (UNEMEs Ec), in Villahermosa Tabasco. Results: The female gender predominates with 68%; the age range is 51 to 55 years with 19.8%. Regarding the level of schooling, 70.8% have primary education and 66% are dedicated to housework. Regarding the factors that influence the adherence behavior, 88% are with the patient and 77% with the provider; 56% agree that the socioeconomic factor sometimes influences and 49% report that those related to therapy never influence. Regarding the adherence behavior, 47% reported having an advantage for adherence, 41% at risk of not developing adherence behaviors and the level of knowledge of the patients, was intermediate in 49.1%. Conclusions: The population studied has risk of not developing adherence behaviors and have an intermediate level of knowledge, which implies the need to assess the psychological intervention, as well as the patient's teaching process, to impact and / or reorient them towards greater adherence as an important element in their benefit.
Resumo: Objetivo: Analisar os fatores que influenciam o comportamento de adesão ao tratamento de doentes com Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2, na Unidade de Cuidados de Especialidades Doenças Crónicas em Villahermosa, durante um período de 6 meses em 2018. Materiais e Métodos: Realizou-se um estudo quantitativo, de observado, de coorte transversal e prospetivo, amostra de 106 doentes com Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 na Unidade de Cuidados de Especialidades de doenças crónicas (UNEMES Ec), em Villahermosa. Resultados: 68% da amostra é do sexo feminino, as idades são compreendidas entre 51 e 55 anos (19,8%). 70,8% da amostra apresenta como grau de escolaridade o ensino básico e 66% são trabalhadoras domésticas. Em relação aos fatores que influenciam o comportamento de adesão, 88% estão relacionados com o doente e 77% relacionados com o provedor de cuidados, 56% concordam que os fatores socioeconómicos influenciam por vezes essa adesão e 49% referem que os relacionados com a terapêutica não influenciam. Em relação à adesão, 47% relataram as vantagens da adesão e 41% os riscos de não desenvolver comportamentos de adesão. O nível de conhecimento dos doentes foi considerado intermediário com 49,1%. Conclusões: La population étudiée est á risque de ne pas développer de comportement d'observance et posséde un niveau de connaissance intermédiaire, ce qui implique la nécessité d'évaluer l'intervention psychologique, ainsi que le processus d'enseignement du patient, de les influencer et / ou de les réorienter vers une plus grande adhésion en tant qu'élément important de leur bénéfice.
Résumé: Objectif: Analyser les facteurs qui influencent sur le comportement de l'adhérence au traitement du patient diabétique de type 2, dans l'unité des spécialités des maladies chroniques á Villahermosa, sur une période de 6 mois en 2018. Matériels et méthodes: Une étude quantitative, observationnelle, transversale et prospective a été réalisée. Avec un échantillon de 106 patients atteints de diabéte sucré de type 2 de l'Unité des spécialités de maladies chroniques (UNEMEs Ec) á Villahermosa Tabasco. Résultats: Le sexe féminin predomine avec 68%; la tranche d'áge est de 51 á 55 ans avec 19,8%. En ce qui concerne le niveau de scolarité, 70,8% ont suivi un enseignement primaire et 66% sont consacrés aux travaux ménagers. En ce qui concerne les facteurs qui influencent le comportement d'adhésion, 88% sont avec le patient et 77% avec le prestataire; 56% sont d'accord pour dire que le facteur socio-économique influence parfois et 49% affirment que ceux liés á la thérapie n'influencent jamais. En ce qui concerne le comportement d'adhérence, 47% ont déclaré avoir un avantage pour l'observance, 41% á risque de ne pas développer de comportements d'adhésion et le niveau de connaissance des patients était intermédiaire chez 49,1%. Conclusions: plus de la moitié de la population étudiée est á risque de ne pas développer de comportement d'observance et posséde un niveau de connaissance intermédiaire, ce qui implique la nécessité d'évaluer l'intervention psychologique, ainsi que le processus d'enseignement du patient, de les influencer et / ou de les réorienter vers une plus grande adhésion en tant qu'élément important de leur bénéfice.
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Conformation constitutes a vital property of biomolecules, especially in the cases of enzymes and aptamers, and is essential in defining their molecular recognition ability. When biomolecules are immobilized on electrode surfaces, it is very important to have a control on all the possible conformational changes that may occur, either upon the recognition of their targets or by undesired alterations. Both enzymes and aptamers immobilized on electrodes are susceptible to conformational changes as a response to the nature of the charge of the surface and of the surrounding environment (pH, temperature, ionic strength, etc.). The main goal of this review is to analyze how the conformational changes of enzymes and aptamers immobilized on electrode surfaces have been treated in reports on biosensors and biofuel cells. This topic was selected due to insufficient information found on the actual conformational changes involved in the function of these bioelectrochemical devices despite its importance.
