Bromocriptine and insulin sensitivity in lean and obese subjects.

Bromocriptine is a glucose-lowering drug, which was shown to be effective in obese subjects with insulin resistance. It is usually administered in the morning. The exact working mechanism of bromocriptine still has to be elucidated. Therefore, in this open-label randomized prospective cross-over mechanistic study, we assessed whether the timing of bromocriptine administration (morning vs evening) results in different effects and whether these effects differ between lean and obese subjects. We studied the effect of bromocriptine on insulin sensitivity in 8 lean and 8 overweight subjects using an oral glucose tolerance test. The subjects used bromocriptine in randomized cross-over order for 2 weeks in the morning and 2 weeks in the evening. We found that in lean subjects, bromocriptine administration in the evening resulted in a significantly higher post-prandial insulin sensitivity as compared with the pre-exposure visit (glucose area under the curve (AUC) 742 mmol/L * 120 min (695-818) vs 641 (504-750), P = 0.036, AUC for insulin did not change, P = 0.575). In obese subjects, both morning and evening administration of bromocriptine resulted in a significantly higher insulin sensitivity: morning administration in obese: insulin AUC (55,900 mmol/L * 120 min (43,236-96,831) vs 36,448 (25,213-57,711), P = 0.012) and glucose AUC P = 0.069; evening administration in obese: glucose AUC (735 mmol/L * 120 min (614-988) vs 644 (568-829), P = 0.017) and insulin AUC, P = 0.208. In conclusion, bromocriptine increases insulin sensitivity in both lean and obese subjects. In lean subjects, this effect only occurred when bromocriptine was administrated in the evening, whereas in the obese, insulin sensitivity increased independent of the timing of bromocriptine administration.

Daily enteral feeding practice on the ICU: attainment of goals and interfering factors.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the daily feeding practice of enterally fed patients in an intensive care unit (ICU) and to study the impact of preset factors in reaching predefined optimal nutritional goals. METHODS: The feeding practice of all ICU patients receiving enteral nutrition for at least 48 hours was recorded during a 1-year period. Actual intake was expressed as the percentage of the prescribed volume of formula (a success is defined as 90% or more). Prescribed volume (optimal intake) was guided by protocol but adjusted to individual patient conditions by the intensivist. The potential barriers to the success of feeding were assessed by multivariate analysis. RESULTS: Four-hundred-and-three eligible patients had a total of 3,526 records of feeding days. The desired intake was successful in 52% (1,842 of 3,526) of feeding days. The percentage of successful feeding days increased from 39% (124 of 316) on day 1 to 51% (112 of 218) on day 5. Average ideal protein intake was 54% (95% confidence interval (CI) 52 to 55), energy intake was 66% (95% CI 65 to 68) and volume 75% (95% CI 74 to 76). Factors impeding successful nutrition were the use of the feeding tube to deliver contrast, the need for prokinetic drugs, a high Therapeutic Intervention Score System category and elective admissions. CONCLUSION: The records revealed an unsatisfactory feeding process. A better use of relative successful volume intake, namely increasing the energy and protein density, could enhance the nutritional yield. Factors such as an improper use of tubes and feeding intolerance were related to failure. Meticulous recording of intake and interfering factors helps to uncover inadequacies in ICU feeding practice.

[Nutrition and health--enteral nutrition in intensive care patients]. / Voeding en gezondheid--enterale voedingstherapie bij intensivecarepatiënten.

Nutritional therapy in the intensive care unit exerts favourable effects on morbidity and mortality. Enteral nutrition is preferable to parenteral nutrition. Only perforation or total obstruction of the gastrointestinal tract, proven mesenteric ischaemia and toxic megacolon are absolute contra-indications to enteral nutrition. Early enteral nutrition is effective in decreasing infectious complications and reducing the length of stay in the hospital. Nutrition that is enriched with specific ingredients in order to modulate the immune response is referred to as immunonutrition. The use of immunonutrition, notably in surgical intensive care patients, has a favourable effect on the incidence of infectious complications, the duration of artificial respiration and the length of hospital stay. The addition of glutamine to parenteral nutrition may reduce mortality compared to standard parenteral nutrition. Implementation of a simple feeding algorithm in the intensive care unit, with special attention for the treatment of delayed gastric emptying, is cost-effective and leads to an improvement in the nutritional parameters.

Fit for surgery: an expert panel review on optmising patients prior to surgery, with a particular focus on nutrition.

This article represents the views of an international group of surgeons on the need for pre-operative optimisation of patient's nutritional status prior to elective surgery as a means of reducing post-operative infective complications.

Effect of preoperative oral immune-enhancing nutritional supplement on patients at high risk of infection after cardiac surgery: a randomised placebo-controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Elderly patients and those with poor ventricular function have increased morbidity and mortality rates when undergoing surgery. We aimed to ascertain whether an oral immune-enhancing nutritional supplement could improve preoperative host defence, and subsequently lower postoperative infections and organ dysfunction in patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery who are at high risk of infection. METHODS: In this prospective, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, we randomly assigned 50 patients who were scheduled to undergo coronary artery bypass to receive either an oral immune-enhancing nutritional supplement containing L-arginine, omega3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and yeast RNA (n=25), or a control (n=25) for a minimum of 5 days. Patients were included if they were aged 70 years or older, or had an ejection fraction of less than 0.4, or were scheduled to undergo mitral valve replacement. The main outcome was preoperative host defence (delayed-type hypersensitivity response to recall antigens, expression of HLA-DR epitopes on monocytes, and concentration of interleukin 6 in plasma). Analysis was per protocol. FINDINGS: Five patients (two in the treatment group) were excluded because they did not take the minimum dose. Preoperative expression of HLA-DR epitopes on monocytes was significantly higher in patients given the study treatment (109% [95% CI 92-128]) than those given the control (69% [58-82]) compared with baseline (100%) (p=0.02, repeated measures ANOVA). However, concentration of interleukin 6 was significantly lower in the treatment group (0.90 pg/L [0.69-1.18]) than in the control group (1.94 pg/L [1.45-2.59]) (p=0.032, repeated measures ANOVA). Additionally, delayed-type hypersensitivity response to recall antigens improved preoperatively and remained better until hospital discharge. INTERPRETATION: Intake of an oral immune-enhancing nutritional supplement for a minimum of 5 days before surgery can improve outlook in high-risk patients who are undergoing elective cardiac surgery.

Towards implementation of optimum nutrition and better clinical nutrition support.

Clinical Nutrition Support--defined as nutrition for hospitalized patients suffering from metabolic stress--plays a limited role in the therapeutic routine of the physician. This is not surprising as most research in the field of clinical nutrition is disappointing with regard to the objective outcomes: morbidity and mortality. These reflections advocate a more 'pharmaceutical approach' to nutrition in order to perform more proper studies on the potential effectiveness of this treatment modality. To provide all patients in the Academic Medical Centre (AMC) in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, with optimum clinical nutrition support, a Nutrition Support Team (NST) was established in 1996. This NST is coaching the dieticians and physicians in the AMC regarding clinical nutrition support. In practice this coaching consists of providing clear guidelines on what is supposed to be optimum nutrition, a basic course in parenteral nutrition and further continuous education. The concept of optimum nutrition is spread by the NST through various ways of education, both nationally and internationally. For adults, optimum nutrition is defined as the amount of protein, that stimulates whole body protein synthesis maximally (1.7 g/kg actual body weight) and covers anabolic energy need (35 kcal/kg actual body weight). The dietician is considered to be the expert in the field of optimum nutrition by oral, enteral or parenteral route. The Dietetic Department has increased its influence in the care of the patient by placing nutritional status and care on the chart of the patient's treatment. To provide optimal Nutrition Support for children and severe ill patients (Intensive care department) specialized teams were started which were co-ordinated by the central NST. The central NST has a co-ordinating and educating role, while the Specialized Nutrition Support Teams (Specialized NST) construct guidelines, undertake research and provide continuous optimum nutrition care.

Noninvasive continuous blood pressure measurement: a clinical evaluation of the Cortronic APM 770.

The Cortronic APM 770 (Cortronic, Ronkonkoma, NY) is a commercial device that claims to measure blood pressure noninvasively and continuously with the use of a standard blood pressure cuff. The aim of our study was to assess the performance of the continuous-mode blood pressure readings of the Cortronic during anesthesia and surgery. We recorded blood pressure in 5 patients bilaterally. An interaarterial pressure (IAP) curve was recorded from 1 arm and the Cortronic pressure curve (CPC) was recorded from the other. For statistical analysis the period between 2 Cortronic recalibrations was defined as the intercalibration interval. The duration of these intervals ranged from 20 to 0.5 minutes. Four paired samples were drawn from each interval. The first sample in an interval represented the recalibration blood pressure; the other samples represented the continuous blood pressure. A total of 1,232 samples were taken, of which 308 were recalibration. The median of the differences and the 2.5th and 97.5th percentile limits of agreement were determined. Their respective values for diastolic and systolic recalibration measurements were 5, -17, and 34 mm Hg, and 6, -12, and 38 mm Hg. Their values for continuous measurements were 4, -23.5, and 32 mm Hg, and 6, -30, and 70 mm Hg. Changes in CPC were evaluated against changes in the corresponding IAP by plotting them in 4-quadrant graphs. In these graphs the Spearman rank correlations were between r = -0.17 and r = 0.01. We observed opposite CPC and IAP trends on 24 occasions during this study. We performed a simple simulation study to better understand the measurement method of the Cortronic.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)