[Alzheimer disease and epilepsy]. / Bolezn' Al'tsgeimera i epilepsiya.

Alzheimer Disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by loss of memory, difficulty in thinking, changes in behavior and personality disorders. The risk of developing epileptic seizures (ES) in patients with AD increases significantly. Animal and human studies have shown a close relationship between the pathogenesis of ES and AD. The exact prevalence of ES in AD remains unclear due to methodological difficulties, in particular, detection of ES in patients with cognitive impairment. EP types differ in sporadic and hereditary forms of AD. Antiepileptic therapy in AD has its own characteristics. Certain antiepileptic drugs can have a positive effect on cognitive function.

[Long-term EEG monitoring in patients with acute traumatic brain injury]. / Dlitel'noe monitorirovanie elektroentsefalogrammy u bol'nykh s tyazheloi cherepno-mozgovoi travmoi.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the informativeness of long-term scalp EEG monitoring in patients with acute traumatic brain injury (TBI). MATERIAL AND METHODS: The informativity of long-term EEG monitoring (LTM) was performed in 60 patients with acute severe TBI. Odd ratios (OR) of unfavorable outcome and non-convulsive status epilepticus (NCSE) among clinical, neurophysiological and radiological features were calculated. RESULTS: EEG features of the unfavorable outcome are: slowing of the dominant background rhythm below q range (OR 3.5, CI 1.2-10.7), absence of frontal-occipital gradient (OR 10.2, CI 1.89-10.12), absence of reactivity (OR 8.75, CI 2.14-35.7), absence of variability (OR 6.25, CI 1.72-22.6) and absence of NREM sleep, stage 2 (OR 5.8, CI 1.79-18.91). Clinical features associated with the unfavorable outcome are: a decrease in GCS score (OR 1.25, CI 1.07-1.47), TBI severity (OR 2.46, CI 1.16-5.18), axial dislocation (OR 4.45, CI 1.08-18.29). ORs for NCSE are significant for the following EEG features: presence of rhythmic and periodic patterns (RPP) (OR 11.92, CI 1.37-103.39), stimulus induced RPP (OR 23.14, CI 2.56-209.34), "plus" modifier (OR 4.11, CI 1.13-14.91) and electrographic evolution (OR 13.05, CI 3.59-47.39). Background rhythm slowing below q range reduces NCSE probability (OR 3.33, CI 1.09-10). CONCLUSION: Long-term EEG monitoring is an informative tool for prognosis of outcome and diagnosis of NCSE in patients with severe TBI. The risk of NCSE increases with Marshall score but NCSE is not associated with poor outcome that requires an individual selection of intensive care.

[Patterns of brain functional connectivity in frontal and temporal lobe epilepsies]. / Patterny funktsional'noi konnektivnosti mozga pri visochnoi i lobnoi épilepsii.

AIM: To examine alterations of functional connectivity (FC) of the brain in patients with frontal and temporal lobe epilepsies. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Forty-three patients, aged 18-55 years, including 32 with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and 11 with frontal lobe epilepsy (FLE), and 32 age/gender-matched healthy controls (HC) underwent structural and functional MRI on 1,5 T scanner. Imaging data were further analysed for functional connectivity characteristics by seed-based and ICA analyses. RESULTS: Most prominent in the TLE group, was a decrease in FC of insula and peri-insular cortical regions compared to HC. These alterations of FC in left-side TLE were significant on the left. An increase of FC between dorsal part of attention resting network and regions of temporal and parietal cortices characterized right-side TLE. In addition, TLE group had decreased FC between anterior cingulate and basal ganglia. All the significant alterations of FC in FLE related to increased FC in patients compared to HC. FC of temporal regions was altered to a greater extent. CONCLUSION: Localization and lateralization of seizure focus determines the alterations of brain FC in patients with focal epilepsy.

[Posttraumatic seizures: a prospective cohort study]. / Posttravmaticheskie pristupy: prospektivnoe kogortnoe issledovanie.

AIM: To evaluate the incidence and risk factors for posttraumatic seizures (PTS). MATERIAL AND METHODS: The authors conducted a prospective study of 237 patients with TBI of varying severity. The patients were hospitalized and examined in Moscow neurosurgery departments. Then they participated in the follow-up observation for 2 years. PTS were classified as early (occurred from 1 to 7 days after TBI) and late (occurred later than 7 days). RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Forty-three people (18.1%) experienced early seizures, 15 patients (6.3%) had late seizures. The early seizures were the significant predictor of the late seizures. In the group of patients with early seizures, the proportion of severe TBI was significantly higher. Subdural hematoma, depressed skull fracture, alcohol abuse were reliable predictors of early and late PTS. Thus, these factors increased the risk of posttraumatic epilepsy (PTE).

[Neuronet restructuring in focal and generalized epilepsy according to resting state fMRI]. / Neirosetevye perestroiki pri fokal'noi i generalizovannoi épilepsii po dannym fMRT pokoia.

AIM: To compare neuronet restructuring in focal and generalized epilepsy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Seventy-seven patients, aged from 18 to 65 years, with the diagnosis of epilepsy, including 63 patients with focal epilepsy and 14 with generalized epilepsy, were examined. A control group included 23 healthy people. Neuronet restructuring was studied using fMRI. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: According to resting state fMRI, there were between-group differences in spatial organization (activity map) of the brain structures as well as in the results of cross-correlation analysis of interaction maps of resting-state networks. It has been concluded that functional restructuring in connectomes in focal and generalized epilepsy have the opposite patterns of disorganization (toward increase or decrease) in most structures studied though there are structures with the same direction of connectivity changes.

[Subcortical laminar heterotopia 'double cortex syndrome']. / Podkorkovaia laminarnaia geterotopiia (sindrom 'dvoinoi kory').

This article presents a clinical case of a 29-year-old patient with 'Double cortex syndrome' with epilepsy, intellectual and mental disorders. Subcortical band heterotopia is a rare disorder of neuronal migration. Such patients typically present with epilepsy and variable degrees of mental retardation and behavioral and intellectual disturbances. The main diagnostic method is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).