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1.
Regul Toxicol Pharmacol ; 135: 105262, 2022 Nov.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36103952

RESUMO

Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models are considered useful tools in animal-free risk assessment. To utilize PBPK models for risk assessment, it is necessary to compare their reliability with in vivo data. However, obtaining in vivo pharmacokinetics data for cosmetic ingredients is difficult, complicating the utilization of PBPK models for risk assessment. In this study, to utilize PBPK models for risk assessment without accuracy evaluation, we proposed a novel concept-the modeling uncertainty factor (MUF). By calculating the prediction accuracy for 150 compounds, we established that using in vitro data for metabolism-related parameters and limiting the applicability domain increase the prediction accuracy of a PBPK model. Based on the 97.5th percentile of prediction accuracy, MUF was defined at 10 for the area under the plasma concentration curve and 6 for Cmax. A case study on animal-free risk assessment was conducted for bisphenol A using these MUFs. As this study was conducted mainly on pharmaceuticals, further investigation using cosmetic ingredients is pivotal. However, since internal exposure is essential in realizing animal-free risk assessment, our concept will serve as a useful tool to predict plasma concentrations without using in vivo data.


Assuntos
Cosméticos , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Medição de Risco , Incerteza , Cosméticos/farmacocinética
2.
J Agric Food Chem ; 70(27): 8264-8273, 2022 Jul 13.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35786898

RESUMO

Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a major green tea polyphenol, has beneficial effects on human health. This study aimed to elucidate the detailed EGCG sulfation process to better understand its phase II metabolism, a process required to maximize its health benefits. Results show that kinetic activity of sulfation in the human liver and intestinal cytosol is 2-fold and 60- to 300-fold higher than that of methylation and glucuronidation, respectively, suggesting sulfation as the key metabolic pathway. Moreover, SULT1A1 and SULT1A3 are responsible for sulfation in the liver and intestine, respectively. Additionally, our human ingestion study revealed that the concentration of EGCG-4″-sulfate in human plasma (Cmax: 177.9 nmol·L-1, AUC: 715.2 nmol·h·L-1) is equivalent to free EGCG (Cmax: 233.5 nmol·L-1, AUC: 664.1 nmol·h·L-1), suggesting that EGCG-4″-sulfate is the key metabolite. These findings indicate that sulfation is a crucial factor for improving EGCG bioavailability, while also advancing the understanding of the bioactivity and toxicity of EGCG.


Assuntos
Catequina , Catequina/análogos & derivados , Humanos , Redes e Vias Metabólicas , Sulfatos , Chá
3.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A ; 111(11): E978-87, 2014 Mar 18.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24591580

RESUMO

Macropinocytosis is a highly conserved endocytic process by which extracellular fluid and solutes are internalized into cells. Macropinocytosis starts with the formation of membrane ruffles at the plasma membrane and ends with their closure. The transient and sequential emergence of phosphoinositides PI(3,4,5)P3 and PI(3,4)P2 in the membrane ruffles is essential for macropinocytosis. By making use of information in the Caenorhabditis elegans mutants defective in fluid-phase endocytosis, we found that mammalian phosphoinositide phosphatase MTMR6 that dephosphorylates PI(3)P to PI, and its binding partner MTMR9, are required for macropinocytosis. INPP4B, which dephosphorylates PI(3,4)P2 to PI(3)P, was also found to be essential for macropinocytosis. These phosphatases operate after the formation of membrane ruffles to complete macropinocytosis. Finally, we showed that KCa3.1, a Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channel that is activated by PI(3)P, is required for macropinocytosis. We propose that the sequential breakdown of PI(3,4,5)P3 → PI(3,4)P2 → PI(3)P → PI controls macropinocytosis through specific effectors of the intermediate phosphoinositides.


Assuntos
Caenorhabditis elegans/fisiologia , Fosfatos de Fosfatidilinositol/metabolismo , Monoéster Fosfórico Hidrolases/metabolismo , Pinocitose/fisiologia , Proteínas Tirosina Fosfatases não Receptoras/metabolismo , Animais , Caenorhabditis elegans/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular , Primers do DNA/genética , Humanos , Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura , Microscopia de Fluorescência , Fosforilação , Interferência de RNA , RNA Interferente Pequeno/genética , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase Reversa
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