Posterior transperitoneal robot-assisted partial nephrectomy in the treatment of renal tumors: Feasibility of a hybrid approach.

PURPOSE: Robot-assisted partial nephrectomy (RAPN) for posterior renal tumors may be performed through anterior (transperitoneal) or posterior (retroperitoneal) approach depending on surgeon's expertise. We propose herein a surgical artifice using daVinci Xi system to combine advantages of both approaches. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From November 2019 to November 2020, patients with posterior renal mass, candidate for RAPN were prospectively included after informed consent. After positioning patient in lateral position, daVinci Xi system was docked on tumor side, to initiate transperitoneal procedure. Posterolateral dissection of perinephric space along fascia retrorenalis was conducted until psoas major muscle was exposed. Three additional robotic ports were then inserted in lumbar space, and RAPN was resumed after rotating daVinci Xi boom. Demographics, tumor characteristics, perioperative outcomes, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and follow-up data were analyzed. RESULTS: Ten consecutive patients underwent RAPN with the modified technique. All cases were performed robotically, without modification of port placement. Median (range) tumor diameter was 37 (21-48mm) with median RENAL score of 8 (4-10) Median operative time and warm ischemia time were respectively 128min (70-180min) and 19min (14-22). One patient had a Clavien-Dindo grade II complication. At median follow-up of 13 months (6-18), all patients had eGFR comparable to baseline. CONCLUSIONS: We report the feasibility and safety of a new hybrid posterior transperitoneal approach for RAPN using daVinci Xi system. Limitations include the absence of RENAL score>10 and pT2 tumors. Greater experience is needed to assess learning curve for surgeons untrained to robotic lomboscopy.

[Renal cell carcinoma in candidates for renal transplantation and recipients of a kidney transplant: The French guidelines from CTAFU]. / Recommandations françaises du Comité de transplantation de l'association française d'urologie (CTAFU) : carcinome rénal sur reins natifs chez le patient transplanté rénal ou en attente de transplantation.

OBJECTIVE: To define guidelines for the management of renal cell carcinoma of the native kidney (NKRCC) in kidney transplant (KTx) recipients and renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients candidates for renal transplantation. METHOD: A review of the literature following a systematic approach (Medline) was conducted by the CTAFU to report renal cell carcinoma epidemiology, screening, diagnosis and management in KTx candidates and recipients. References were assessed according to a predefined process to propose recommendations with the corresponding levels of evidence. RESULTS: ESRD patients are at higher risk of RCC with a standardized incidence ratio of approximately 4,5 as compared with general population. NKRCC tumors occur in 1 to 3 % of KTx recipients with a 10 to 15-fold increased risk as compared with general population, especially in patients with acquired multicystic kidney disease. Most authors suggest yearly monitoring of the native kidneys using ultrasound imaging. Radical nephrectomy (either open or laparoscopic approach) is the preferred treatment of NKRCC in KTx recipients and RCC in ESRD. Surveillance in a valid option in small or cystic renal masses. In the localized setting, change in immunosuppressive therapy is not recommended besides perioperative avoidance of mTOR inhibitor to limit morbidity. CTAFU does not recommend a mandatory waiting time after nephrectomy for RCC in ESRD patients candidates for renal tranplantation when tumor stage

[Living donor nephrectomy: The French guidelines from CTAFU]. / Recommandations françaises du Comité de transplantation de l'Association française d'urologie (CTAFU) : néphrectomie pour don de rein.

OBJECTIVE: To propose surgical recommendations for living donor nephrectomy. METHOD: Following a systematic approach, a review of the literature (Medline) was conducted by the CTAFU regarding functional and anatomical assessment of kidney donors, including which side the kidney should be harvested from. Distinct surgical techniques and approaches were evaluated. References were considered with a predefined process to propose recommendations with the corresponding levels of evidence. RESULTS: The recommendations clarify the legal and regulatory framework for kidney donation in France. A rigorous assessment of the donor is one of the essential prerequisites for donor safety. The impact of nephrectomy on kidney function needs to be anticipated. In case of modal vascularization of both kidneys without a relative difference in function or urologic abnormality, removal of the left kidney is the preferred choice to favor a longer vein. Mini-invasive approaches for nephrectomy provide faster donor recovery, less donor pain and shorter hospital stay than open surgery. CONCLUSION: These French recommendations must contribute to improving surgical management of candidates for kidney donation.

[Urinary stones in renal transplant recipients and donors: The French guidelines from CTAFU]. / Recommandations françaises du Comité de transplantation de l'association française d'urologie (CTAFU) : lithiase urinaire chez le receveur ou le donneur en transplantation rénale.

OBJECTIVE: To define guidelines for the management of kidney stones in kidney transplant (KTx) donor or recipients. METHOD: Following a systematic approach, a review of the literature (Medline) was conducted by the CTAFU to report kidney stone epidemiology, diagnosis and management in KTx donors and recipients with the corresponding level of evidence. RESULTS: Prevalence of kidney stones in deceased donor is unknown but reaches 9.3% in living donors in industrialized countries. Except in Maastrich 2 donors, diagnosis is done on systematic pre-donation CT scan according to standard french procedure. No prospective study has compared therapeutic strategies available for the management of kidney stones in KTx donor: ureteroscopy or an extra corporeal lithotripsy in case of living donor prior to donation, ex vivo approach (pyelotomy or ureteroscopy), ureterocopy in the KTx recipient or surveillance. De novo kidney stones result from a lithogenesis process to be identified and treated in order to avoid recurrences. The context of solitary functional kidney renders the prevention of recurrence of great importance. Diagnosis is suspected when identification of a renal graft dysfunction, hematuria or urinary tract infection with renal pelvis dilatation. Stone size and location are determined by computed tomography. There are no prospective, controlled studies on kidney stone management in the KTx. The therapeutic strategies are similar to standard management in general population. CONCLUSION: These French recommendations should contribute to improve kidney stones management in KTx donor and recipients.

Open prostatectomy versus 180-W XPS GreenLight laser vaporization: Long-term functional outcome for prostatic adenomas>80 g.

INTRODUCTION: GreenLight photoselective vaporisation of the prostate (PVP) offers an endoscopic alternative to open prostatectomy (OP) for treatment of large adenomas. This study compares long-term functional outcome of both techniques in patients with Benign prostatic obstruction (BPO)>80g. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Data from patients who underwent surgical treatment for BPO>80g from January 2010 to February 2015 at our institution were retrospectively collected and compared according to surgical technique. Patient's demographics, surgeon's experience, operative data and long-term functional results were analyzed, using IPSS and International continence society (ICS) male questionnaire associated with Quality of life scores (IPSS-QL and ICS-QL). Predictors of long-term outcome were also assessed. RESULTS: In total, 111 consecutive patients, 57 PVP and 54 OP, were included in the study with a mean follow-up of 24 and 33 month respectively. Patient's age, Charlson score, preoperative IPSS and urinary retention rates were similar. Mean prostatic volume was superior in the OP group (142 versus 103g, P<0.001). Transfusion rate was lower after PVP (P=0.02), despite a more frequent anticoagulant use. Length of hospital stay and urinary catheterization were shorter after PVP (P<0.001), with however a higher rate of recatheterization (RR=4.74) and rehospitalization (RR=10.42). Long-term scores were better after OP for IPSS (1 versus 5, P<0.001), IPSS-QL, ICS, ICS-QL. On multivariate analysis, prostatic residual volume was the only predictor of long-term IPSS but not ICS. CONCLUSION: Long-term functional outcome are better after OP compared to PVP. However, PVP offers good results, allowing to safely operate patients taking anticoagulants, regardless of prostatic volume. Endoscopic enucleation may the compromise between both techniques. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4.

[Management of intraparenchymal pseudoaneurysm after blunt renal trauma: Results from a series of 325 patients]. / Prise en charge des pseudo-anévrismes rénaux intraparenchymateux post-traumatiques : à propos d'une série de 325 patients traumatisés rénaux.

INTRODUCTION: The purpose was to describe the management of intraparenchymal pseudoaneurysm (PA) after blunt renal trauma in our center, and to review the cases published in the literature, in order to propose a management algorithm. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed the files of 325 patients included in a prospective database, from July, 2004, to May, 2016. A systematic review of the published cases was done with the keywords "blunt renal trauma" and "pseudoaneurysm" in Pubmed (excluding arteriovenous fistulas, open renal traumas and extraparenchymal PA) allowing us to analyze 29 extra cases. Management of these patients in our center is decribed. RESULTS: Among 325 kidney trauma patients, 160 (49.3%) had grade IV and V renal trauma. Conservative management was done in 93.2%. We noted 8 cases of PA, with an incidence of 2.5%. Four patients required angioembolization. Four patients were treated by watchful waiting, with 2 cases of spontaneous occlusion, one case of absence of regression and embolization, and one case of occult hemorrhage. All PA with a favorable outcome were less than 1cm. The mean relative renal scintigraphic function at 6 months of the kidneys requiring embolization was 71.6%. The literature review reported 29 published cases, among whom 26 required embolization, with a success rate of 84.6%. Two cases were just watched, but one was finally embolized in the absence of regression. CONCLUSION: Pseudoneurysm formation after blunt renal trauma is a rare complication (2.5%). In case of clinical symptoms or hemodynamic instability, embolization allows a good renal preservation. Watchful waiting seems to be an option in asymptomatic cases with a PA less than 1cm. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 5.

[Challenges in renal transplantation]. / La transplantation rénale et ses défis.

OBJECTIVES: To describe kidney transplantation surgical techniques and to propose strategies in high-risk recipients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Relevant publications were identified through Medline (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) and Embase (http://www.embase.com/) database using the following keywords, alone or in association, "renal transplantation; peripheral arterial disease; obesity; third and fourth transplantation; robotic-assisted kidney transplant; anticoagulant therapy; dual kidney transplant". Articles were selected according to methods, language of publication and relevance. The reference lists were used to identify additional historical studies of interest. Both prospective and retrospective series, in French and English, as well as review articles and case-reports were selected. A total of 1949 articles were analyzed for arterial disease and anticoagulant therapy, 1083 for obesity, 663 for dual kidney transplants, 458 for third and subsequent procedures and 84 for robotic-assisted kidney transplantation. After careful selection, 304 publications were eligible for our review. RESULTS: Surgical assessment of future recipients is a pivotal step to anticipate technical difficulties, to interrupt clopidogrel or direct oral anticoagulants and to propose a revascularization procedure when necessary. Lack of data regarding obese recipients does not allow us to conclude about best surgical care or optimal timing but suggest that an early global management of obesity in chronic kidney disease patients is mandatory to improve access to a successful transplantation. In neurologic bladder and congenital anomalies, urodynamics and bladder function must be assessed prior to the onset of oliguria to intend an early treatment. Urinary diversion may be performed prior to or after transplantation with similar survival outcome and comparable rates of infections. Because of a rigorous selection of donors, the French dual kidney transplant program provides satisfactory outcomes, but fails in convincing surgical teams nationwide. Third and subsequent transplant procedures remain a surgical and immunological challenge, with an increased morbidity and a moderate decline in transplant survival only when donors are extended criteria' with extensive duration of waiting time between procedures. Robotic-assisted kidney transplantation is a recent technique requiring methodical evaluation. CONCLUSION: Kidney transplantation in challenging recipients implies a global understanding of patients' prognosis and benefits versus dialysis, in the context of the attribution of a valuable resource awaited by other patients on waiting list.

[Deceased donation in renal transplantation]. / Le donneur décédé de rein.

OBJECTIVES: To review epidemiologic data's and medical results of deceased donation in renal transplantation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Relevant publications were identified through Medline (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) and Embase (http://www.embase.com) database using the following keywords, alone or in association, "brain death; cardiac arrest; deceased donation; organ procurement; transplantation". Articles were selected according to methods, language of publication and relevance. The reference lists were used to identify additional historical studies of interest. Both prospective and retrospective series, in French and English, as well as review articles and recommendations were selected. In addition, French national transplant and health agencies (http://www.agence-biomedecine.fr and http://www.has-sante.fr) databases were screened using identical keywords. A total of 2498 articles, 8 official reports and 17 newspaper articles were identified; after careful selection 157 publications were eligible for our review. RESULTS: Deceased donation may involve either brain death or non-heartbeating donors (NHBD). Organ shortage led to the procurement of organs from expanded-criteria donors, with an increased age at donation and extended vascular disease, leading to inferior results after transplantation and underlining the need for careful donor management during brain death or cardiac arrest. Evolution of French legislation covering bioethics allowed procurement from Maastricht categories II and recently III non-heartbeating donors. CONCLUSION: The increase of organ shortage emphasizes the need for a rigorous surgical technique during procurement to avoid loss of transplants. A history or current neoplasm in deceased-donors, requires attention to increase the pool of organs without putting the recipients at risk for cancer transmission. French NHBD program, especially from Maastricht category III, may stand for a potential source of valuable organs.

[Immunology and immunosuppression in kidney transplantation. ABO and HLA incompatible kidney transplantation]. / Aspects immunologiques et immunosuppression en transplantation rénale, transplantations rénales ABO et HLA-incompatibles.

OBJECTIVES: To perform a state of the art about immunological features in renal transplantation, immunosuppressive drugs and their mechanisms of action and immunologically high risk transplantations such as ABO and HLA-incompatible transplantation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An exhaustive systematic review of the scientific literature was performed in the Medline database (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) and Embase (http://www.embase.com) using different associations of the following keywords (MESH): "allogenic response; allograft; immunosuppression; ABO incompatible transplantation; donor specific antibodies; HLA incompatible; desensitization; kidney transplantation". Publications obtained were selected based on methodology, language, date of publication (last 10 years) and relevance. Prospective and retrospective studies, in English or French, review articles; meta-analysis and guidelines were selected and analyzed. This search found 4717 articles. After reading titles and abstracts, 141 were included in the text, based on their relevance. RESULTS: The considerable step in comprehension and knowledge allogeneic response this last few years allowed a better used of immunosuppression and the discover of news immunosuppressive drugs. In the first part of this article, the allogeneic response will be described. The different classes of immunosuppressive drugs will be presented and the actual management of immunosuppression will be discussed. Eventually, the modalities and results of immunologically high-risk transplantations such as ABO and HLA incompatible transplantations will be reported. CONCLUSIONS: The knowledge and the control of allogeneic response to allogeneic graft allowed the development of renal transplantation.

[Conservative management of upper tract urinary fistulae using ureteral trans-vesico-parietal stent]. / Traitement conservateur des fistules urinaires du haut appareil par sonde urétérale trans-vésico-pariétale.

OBJECTIVES: Ureteral stents and ureteral catheters externalized through the urethra are not ideal solutions to manage complicated upper urinary tract fistulae. We sought an effective method of drainage, minimally invasive, reproducible allowing a rapid patient's discharge. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between November 2013 and February 2015, an ureteral stent was exteriorized in trans-vesico-parietal by an endoscopic and percutaneous access in patients with complicated upper urinary tract fistulae. Monitoring of tolerance, complications and urinary fistula healing was performed. RESULTS: Nine consecutive patients had an ureteral stent exteriorized in trans-vesico-parietal to manage complicated upper urinary tract fistulae. There was no failure in introducing the catheter, or postoperative complication. Catheters were left in place on average 36.1days (24-55). The patients were able to return home with the catheter in place in 77.8% of cases. The tolerance of the catheter was good. All fistulae were able to be treated conservatively at the end of the drainage period. CONCLUSION: Trans-vesico-parietal ureteral catheters enable efficient and reproducible conservative treatment of upper tract urinary fistulae regardless of their cause. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 5.

[Renal transplantation using a Maastricht category III non-heartbeating donor: First French experience and review of the literature]. / Transplantation rénale à partir d'un donneur décédé par arrêt circulatoire Maastricht III : première expérience française et revue de la littérature.

In 2015, Annecy Hospital was the first French hospital to perform non-heartbeating organ donation from a Maastricht category III donor (patient awaiting cardiac arrest after withdrawal of treatment). Non-heartbeating organ donation (NHBD), performed in France since 2006, had initially excluded this category, due to ethical questions concerning end of life and treatment withdrawal, as well as technical specificities linked to this procedure. Grenoble University Hospital and Edouard-Herriot Hospital in Lyon then performed the first kidney transplants, with satisfactory outcomes in both recipients. This article presents the details and results of this new experience, challenging both on a deontological and organizational level. Functional outcomes of kidney grafts from NHBD are now well known in the literature and confirm their benefit for patients, with similar results to those from heartbeating donors (HBD). International experiences concerning specifically Maastricht category III NHBD are encouraging and promising.

[Biochemical recurrence after curative treatment for localized prostate cancer: Performance of choline PET/CT in the assessment of local recurrence]. / Récidive biochimique après traitement curatif d'un adénocarcinome prostatique localisé: intérêt de la TEP à la choline dans l'évaluation de la récidive locale.

OBJECTIVE: To establish 18 fluorocholine-positron emission tomography/computed tomography (F-PET/CT) performances for the detection of local recurrence in a population of patients with biochemical failure after primary curative treatment for localized prostate carcinoma. MATERIAL AND METHOD: From February 2011 to February 2014, 55 patients underwent a F-PET/CT for biochemical relapse after primary radical therapy for prostate cancer localized or locally advanced. Primary therapies for prostate cancer were 19 radical prostatectomy, 18 radiotherapy, 13 radiotherapy with hormonal treatment, 3 brachytherapy. The median age was 65 years (50-79). The initial staging was 17 T1, 23 T2 and 15 T3, 52 were N0 and N1 3. The median PSA was 12 (3-127). The Gleason score was less than 7, equal to 7 and greater than 7 at 21, 25 and 9 patients respectively. The average time to recurrence was 69.5 months (8-147) with a median PSA of 2.9 ng/mL (0.48-41). RESULTS: In 42 cases, F-PET/CT showed uptake, suggesting a recurrence, metastatic (6), nodal (26) or local isolated (10). The focal uptake in PET commissioned in 5 cases prostate biopsy, confirming the histological recurrence of prostate cancer in 4 cases. Among the 10 patients with isolated local recurrence, 8 underwent salvage radiotherapy. Of the 13 cases where the (F-PET/CT) showed no recurrence, 7 multiparametric MRI were performed. The MRI showed a local recurrence in 3 patients, the diagnoses were confirmed with prostate biopsy for two of them. CONCLUSION: In our study, for the patients with biochemical relapse of prostate adenocarcinoma localized or locally advanced, (F-PET/CT) was able to detect local recurrence isolated in nearly half the cases but did not show sufficient sensitivity to exclude recurrence local if negative. It does not replace MRI or additional prostate biopsy.

Nephron sparing surgery for De Novo kidney graft tumor: results from a multicenter national study.

Nephron sparing surgery (NSS) results in the transplanted population remain unknown because they are only presented in small series or case reports. Our objective was to study renal sparing surgery for kidney graft renal cell carcinomas (RCC) in a multicenter cohort. Data were collected from 32 French transplantation centers. Cases of renal graft de novo tumors treated as RCC since the beginning of their transplantation activity were included. Seventy-nine allograft kidney de novo tumors were diagnosed. Forty-three patients (54.4%) underwent renal sparing surgery. Mean age of grafted kidneys at the time of diagnosis was 47.5 years old (26.1-72.6). The mean time between transplantation and tumor diagnosis was 142.6 months (12.2-300). Fifteen tumors were clear cell carcinomas (34.9%), and 25 (58.1%) were papillary carcinomas. Respectively, 10 (24.4%), 24 (58.3%) and 8 (19.5%) tumors were Fuhrman grade 1, 2 and 3. Nine patients had postoperative complications (20.9%) including four requiring surgery (Clavien IIIb). At the last follow-up, 41 patients had a functional kidney graft, without dialysis and no long-term complications. NSS is safe and appropriate for all small tumors of transplanted kidneys with good long-term functional and oncological outcomes, which prevent patients from returning to dialysis.

[Non-heart-beating renal donors: organization in a non-university hospital]. / Prélèvement rénal sur donneur décédé par arrêt cardiaque (DDAC): organisation dans un centre hospitalier non universitaire.

INTRODUCTION: In 2011 in France, all kidneys from patients with brain death and from living donors cannot meet the demand for renal transplants. Since 2006, sampling protocols kidneys from non-heart-beating donors (NHBD) are developed to increase the number of renal transplants. The objective was to describe the organization of a protocol NHBD in a non-university hospital. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients with inclusion criteria of protocol NHBD of the Agency of Biomedicine were prospectively included between 1st July 2011 and 31 December 2012. The protocol data were comparable to national data. Vascular canulation was performed by urologists. The epidemiological, clinical and biological characteristics of patients included, the different times and deadlines of the protocol, and data of renal transplantation were collected and analyzed. RESULTS: Over the period of 18 months, 16 patients were included in the protocol NHBD, with a median age of 42 years, and 87.5% of males; 93.8% of patients made a cardiac arrest outside the hospital. The median duration of no-flow was 4.3 minutes (0; 23), the median time between the cardiac arrest and admission to hospital was 90 minutes (0; 116), the median time between the cardiac arrest and the start of the normothermic recirculation was 139 minutes (40; 150), and the median duration of normothermic recirculation was 212 minutes (186; 240). For urologists, the median duration of mobilization was 178 minutes and 97 minutes after 20 h. Twenty-four kidneys were collected (75%) and 22 kidneys were transplanted (91.7%). The median duration of cold ischemia was 9 h 12 (5 h 25; 18 h 02). No primary non-function of graft was observed. Delayed graft function was observed in 50% of cases and the median duration of dialysis was 2 days (0; 19). After 12 months of inclusion, our center accounted for 8% of the national census and 16% of transplanted kidneys NHBD. CONCLUSION: The involvement of rescue, coordination, anesthesiologists and urologists, and the concentration of jobs in our center have helped to minimize response times NHBD in the protocol for maximum quality of kidneys taken with transplant rates and results are very encouraging.