Validation of the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation in advanced chronic renal failure.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this work was to study the accuracy of the CKD-EPI equation to estimate the glomerular filtrate in patients with advanced chronic renal failure. OBJECTIVE: We compared the estimations of Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD), Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) and Cockcroft-Gault (CG) equations to a glomerular filtration rate measured as the arithmetic mean of the urea and creatinine clearances (ClUrCr). MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was made in 89 nondialyzed patients with chronic renal disease in stage 4 or 5. Serum creatinine values were recalibrated to standardized creatinine measurements. In each patient, the difference between each estimating equation and the measured glomerular filtration rate was calculated. The absolute difference expressed as a percentage of the measured glomerular filtration rate indicates the intermethod variability. RESULTS: Overall, the glomerular filtration rate measured as the ClUrCr was 14.5 ± 5.5 ml/min/1.73 m(2); and the results of the estimating equations were: MDRD 14.3 ± 5.5 (p = NS); CKD-EPI 13.6 ± 5.4 (p <0.01) and CG 16.8 ± 6.5 ml/min/1.73 m(2) (p <0.001). The variability of the estimating equations was 16 ± 12.2%, 16.7 ± 12,1% and 22 ± 15.6% (p <0.05), for MDRD, CKD-EPI and CG. The percentage of estimates within 30% above or below the measured glomerular filtration rate was 85% for MDRD, 88% for CKD-EPI and 70% for CG. The CG variability, but not MDRD variability or CKD-EPI variability, was influenced by gender (19.3 ± 15.1% in males vs 27.3 ± 15.5% in females, p <0.05) and showed a negative correlation with the glomerular filtration rate (r = -0.23, p <0.05) and the age (r = -0.24, p <0.05) and positive correlation with the body mass index (r = 0.37, p <0.001). In patients with chronic renal disease in stage 5, the variability of the different estimating equations was similar. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that in our population with advanced chronic renal failure, the CKD-EPI equation is as accuracy as the MDRD equation. With standardized creatinine the CG equation has a lower accuracy and its utilization may be reconsiderated.

Causes of unplanned hemodialysis initiation.

Half of patients starting chronic hemodialysis used a transient vascular catheter as a vascular access (unplanned initiation). An objective of the Quality Management Group of the Spanish Society of Nephrology is to achieve that 80% of the patients starting hemodialysis do it with an arteriovenous fistula. We want to review the causes of non-planned hemodialysis nowadays. In 2010, 43 patients had started chronic hemodialysis in the Hospital Ramón y Cajal in Madrid (Spain). Mean age was 61 years, 79% were men, the most frequent cause of chronic renal disease was the diabetes (23%) and Charlson Comorbidity Index was 6.3 ± 2.6. The unplanned hemodialysis occurred in 20 patients (47%), without any differences with the 23 patients who began planned hemodialysis, in none of the clinical or demographic parameters analyzed. The main cause of unplanned hemodialysis was the acute exacerbation of chronic kidney disease stage 3 or 4, previously stable, secondary to an unforeseeable intercurrent process (8 patients, 40% of the cases). One patient began after a non-recovery acute renal failure and in other 6 patients, the reason of unplanned hemodialysis initiation was not attributable to the operation Health System (in 3 cases unknown kidney chronic disease and in the other 3 cases it was patient´s responsibility). Only in 5 cases (25%), the cause could be corrigible. Most causes of unplanned hemodialysis does not come from the healthcare organization and therefore not easy to resolve it. Consequently, the objective of the Quality Group will be difficult to be achieved.

Patients with a failed renal transplant.

Despite the advances in the care of recipients and in immunosuppression, long-term graft survival has experienced little improvement in the last 10 years. An important number of recipients present progressive loss of graft function and have to be readmitted on dialysis therapy. Before starting dialysis, these patients are re-exposed to the complications of chronic renal failure but there are no specific guidelines for their treatment. The Kidney Disease Quality Initiative Advisory Board clinical practice guidelines given for the non-transplant chronic kidney disease patients have been recommended for ameliorating their clinical situation and the rate of progression of graft failure. The time when dialysis has to be restarted and the type of dialysis procedure, hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis, are under discusion. But there is no evidence about the superiority of either type of dialysis procedure. Systematic graft nephrectomy has been considered to improve the inflammatory status of the patients with a failed graft which could contribute to a worse control of some complications such as anemia and to the increased rates of cardiovascular mortality. As in the patients with primary end-stage renal disease, retransplantation is the best treatment for a patient with a failed graft. Due to the shortage of organs for transplantation the number of patients who are retransplanted has remained stable. Recurrent diseases such as glomerulonephritis, lyphoproliferative diseases, BK virus nephopathy and previous non-adherence to the treatment do not necessarily preclude retransplantation.

Inicio de diálisis tras trasplante renal. ¿Se empieza en peor situación que la de los enfermos renales de novo? / Dialysis after kidney transplant failure: do patients start in a worse condition than the general population with chronic kidney disease?

Introducción: Los pacientes trasplantados renales con disfunción crónica del injerto que precisan reinicio de diálisis constituyen un grupo cada día más prevalente, con características especiales que los diferencia de la población general con enfermedad renal crónica (ERC). El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar y comparar la situación clínica al inicio de diálisis y su evolución en el primer año endos grupos de enfermos, trasplantados y no trasplantados, de acuerdo con los criterios fijados en las guías K/DOQI. Asimismo, se estudia si la modalidad de terapia renal sustitutiva (TRS) escogida a su retorno a diálisis pudiera condicionar una mejoría clínica de los pacientes trasplantados. Material y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo y observacional en 106 enfermos con ERC estadio 5 seguidos en el Hospital Ramón y Cajal. Dichos enfermos fueron divididos en dos grupos. El primero estaba formado por 50 enfermos con ERC de riñones nativos que comenzaron tratamiento con diálisis entre los años 2000 y 2009. El segundo grupo estaba constituido por 56 enfermos trasplantados con disfunción del injerto que precisaron retorno a diálisis entre los años 1997 y 2009. Se recogieron parámetros de anemia, función renal, metabolismo calcio-fósforo, factores de riesgo cardiovascular y estado nutricional en el momento de comenzar tratamiento con diálisis y un año después. Resultados: Al inicio de diálisis ambos grupos presentan valores similares en los parámetros analizados con excepción (..) (AU)

Background: Patients with renal graft dysfunction constitute an increasingly prevalent group of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) patients that require dialysis therapy. These patients have special characteristics that set them apart from the ESKD general population. The aim of this study was to analyse the clinical condition and evolution of patients entering dialysis with a failed kidney graft at the time of restarting dialysis and over a year of therapy according to the K/DOQI guidelines, and to compare them with incidental patients with end-stage kidney disease. We also investigated whether the modality of kidney replacement therapy may determine the clinical improvement of transplant patients. Material and Method: This is a retrospective observational study of 106 patients with ESKD followed up in the Ramon y Cajal Hospital. They were classified in two groups. Group one was made up of 50 failed native kidney patients who started dialysis between 2000and 2009. Group two was comprised of 56 transplant patients with graft dysfunction who returned to dialysis between 1997 and 2009. We studied parameters of kidney (..) (AU)

Dialysis after kidney transplant failure: do patients start in a worse condition than the general population with chronic kidney disease?

BACKGROUND: Patients with renal graft dysfunction constitute an increasingly prevalent group of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) patients that require dialysis therapy. These patients have special characteristics that set them apart from the ESKD general population. The aim of this study was to analyse the clinical condition and evolution of patients entering dialysis with a failed kidney graft at the time of restarting dialysis and over a year of therapy according to the K/DOQI guidelines, and to compare them with incidental patients with end-stage kidney disease. We also investigated whether the modality of kidney replacement therapy may determine the clinical improvement of transplant patients. MATERIAL AND METHOD: This is a retrospective observational study of 106 patients with ESKD followed up in the Ramon y Cajal Hospital. They were classified in two groups. Group one was made up of 50 failed native kidney patients who started dialysis between 2000 and 2009. Group two was comprised of 56 transplant patients with graft dysfunction who returned to dialysis between 1997 and 2009. We studied parameters of kidney function, anaemia, calcium-phosphorus metabolism, cardiovascular risk factors and nutritional status at the time both groups started on dialysis and one year later. RESULTS: Both groups had a similar clinical status at the time they started on dialysis in most of the parameters analysed with the exception of anaemia. This was more severe in transplant patients, despite the fact that transplant patients received a higher dose of erythropoietin than non-transplant patients. One year later the main difference between both groups was the residual kidney function rate, higher in non-transplant patients. There were no significant differences in the parameters analysed in patients with a failed graft according to the modality of kidney replacement therapy. CONCLUSION: Failed transplant patients start dialysis with more severe anaemia than patients entering dialysis for the first time. Twelve months later both groups present a similar clinical condition with the exception of residual kidney function, higher in failed native kidney patients. The method of dialysis treatment after kidney transplant failure did not have a bearing on the clinical improvement of our patients.

Convección versus difusión: ¿ha llegado el momento del cambio? / No disponible

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[Outcome of HIV-infected patients of peritoneal dialysis: experience in a center and literature review]. / Evolución de los pacientes infectados por el VIH en diálisis peritoneal: experiencia de un centro y revisión de la literatura.

Overall survival of HIV-infected has increased over the last ten years. In parallel a higher need for renal replacement therapy (RRT) in this population has been more observed. RRT associated complications and outcomes greatly varied since the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and scarce data is available regarding the outcome of peritoneal dialysis (PD) in HIV-infected patients under HAART. We described 8 HIV-infected patients who were admitted at the Peritoneal Dialysis Unit at our institution from November-95 to November-07. Mean age was 40.7 +/- 5.3. Causes of end-stage renal disease were diabetes mellitus type 1 (2), focal and segmental glomerular sclerosis (2), IgA nephropathy (1) and unknown origin (3). High blood pressure was detected in 62,5% of the patients. Mean follow-up was 41.2 +/- 32.1 months (range 12-103). One, two and three year survival was 100, 62.5 and 50% respectively. Overall mortality was 62.5% and cardio-vascular events were the main cause of death (2 patients, 25%). Infective peritonitis rate was 0.36 IP/year, and Staphylococcus epidermidis was the most common pathogen identified. Hospital admission rate was 0.69 admission/year and the main cause of admission was respiratory tract infection. All patients received HAART. Lamivudine, stavudine and nelfinavir were the most frequent treatment prescribed. During the first year in PD undetectable viral load and CD4 % were not modified. A significant weight gain was observed during the first year of the study (60.6 kg. vs 64.9 kg. p > or = 0.016). Our results suggest that PD is a suitable choice for RRT in HIV-infected. Compared to previous studies, an increase in overall survival and a decrease in PD-associated complications were seen. The significance of cardio-vascular risk factors in the outcome of PD in HIV-infected patients is not completely determined. A multidisciplinary approach and a management of patients in individual basis remains mandatory.