In vitro and in vivo biological performance of porous Ti alloys prepared by powder metallurgy.

Titanium (Ti) and Ti-6 Aluminium-4 Vanadium alloys are the most common materials in implants composition but ß type alloys are promising biomaterials because they present better mechanical properties. Besides the composition of biomaterial, many factors influence the performance of the biomaterial. For example, porous surface may modify the functional cellular response and accelerate osseointegration. This paper presents in vitro and in vivo evaluations of powder metallurgy-processed porous samples composed by different titanium alloys and pure Ti, aiming to show their potential for biomedical applications. The porous surfaces samples were produced with different designs to in vitro and in vivo tests. Samples were characterized with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and elastic modulus analyses. Osteogenic cells from newborn rat calvaria were plated on discs of different materials: G1-commercially pure Ti group (CpTi); G2-Ti-6Al-4V alloy; G3-Ti-13 Niobium-13 Zirconium alloy; G4-Ti-35 Niobium alloy; G5-Ti-35 Niobium-7 Zirconium-5 Tantalum alloy. Cell adhesion and viability, total protein content, alkaline phosphatase activity, mineralization nodules and gene expression (alkaline phosphatase, Runx-2, osteocalcin and osteopontin) were assessed. After 2 and 4 weeks of implantation in rabbit tibia, bone ingrowth was analyzed using micro-computed tomography (µCT). EDS analysis confirmed the material production of each group. Metallographic and SEM analysis revealed interconnected pores, with mean pore size of 99,5µm and mean porosity of 42%, without significant difference among the groups (p>0.05). The elastic modulus values did not exhibit difference among the groups (p>0.05). Experimental alloys demonstrated better results than CpTi and Ti-6Al-4V, in gene expression and cytokines analysis, especially in early experimental periods. In conclusion, our data suggests that the experimental alloys can be used for biomedical application since they contributed to excellent cellular behavior and osseointegration besides presenting lower elastic modulus.

Avaliação de características dentinárias, decisão terapêutica pulpar e utilização de remoção seletiva de dentina cariada em lesões cariosas profundas por estudantes de odontologia e cirurgiões dentistas / Evaluation of dental characteristics, pulp therapeutic discussion and the use of selective dentin of carious dentin in dentistry students and dental surgeons

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a percepção de cirurgiões dentistas e alunos de graduação em Odontologia, em relação as características da dentina cariada remanescente (coloração, consistência e tipo de dentina) em lesão cariosa profunda, por meio de um estudo visual e tátil com aplicação de questionário, e relacionar com a decisão terapêutica pulpar escolhida em cada caso. Além disso avaliou-se a utilização clínica diária de remoção seletiva da dentina cariada, associando as respostas ao tempo de formação/atuação dos cirurgiões dentistas. Foram utilizados 12 molares humanos extraídos com lesão cariosa profunda. Os dentes foram divididos em três grupos (dentina sadia, dentina afeta e dentina infectada). Os dentes foram seccionados no sentido mésio-distal, uma das metades foi utilizada para a realização dos testes observacionais e tátil, com aplicação de questionários, a outra hemi-secção foi utilizada para a realização de testes laboratoriais (KHN e EDS). Os questionários foram respondidos por 45 observadores: 15 alunos de graduação, 15 cirurgiões dentistas com até 5 anos de formação e 15 cirurgiões dentistas com mais de 5 anos de formação. Com o auxílio de um explorador os observadores analisaram as dentinas remanescentes e responderam a 2 questionários. Os dados do teste visual e tátil com aplicação de questionário, foram submetidos ao teste Chi-quadrado (p<0,05). A etapa laboratorial foi analisada pelo teste de ANOVA em dois critérios, e pelo teste de Tukey (p<0,05). O teste Chiquadrado mostrou diferenças para todos as características da dentina avaliada para todos os grupos, sendo que a dentina afetada/macia foi a que obteve menores índices de acerto. A decisão terapêutica pulpar mostrou diferenças estatísticas entre todos os grupos de dentina e de observadores, sendo as maiores escolhas positivas para utilização de proteção pulpar foi para o grupo de dentina amolecida e para o grupo de alunos. Os alunos de graduação relataram ter dificuldades de saber o momento de parar a escavação da dentina cariada. A remoção total do tecido cariado foi a técnica escolhida entre os grupos de cirurgiões dentistas(AU)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the perception of dentists and undergraduate dental students in relation to the characteristics of remaining dentin (color, consistency and type of dentin) in deep carious lesion, through a visual and tactile study with application of questionnaire, and to relate to the pulp therapeutic decision in each case. Also the daily clinical use of selective carious dentin removal was assessed according to the time of practice. Twelve extracted human molars with deep carious lesion were used. The teeth were divided into three groups (healthy dentin, affected dentin and infected dentin). The teeth were sectioned in a mesialdistal direction, one half was used for the observational and tactile tests, and questionnaires, the other hemi-section was used for the laboratory testing (KHN and SDS). Questionnaires were completed by 45 observers: 15 undergraduate students, 15 dentists with up to five years of training and 15 dentists with more than 5 years of training. The observers analyzed the remaining dentin and answered 2 questionnaires. Visual and tactile data were submitted to Chi-square test (p <0.05). The laboratory data were analyzed by the two-way ANOVA, and by the Tukey test (p <0.05). The Chi-square test showed differences for all the characteristics of the dentin evaluated for all groups, and the affected / soft dentin was the one obtaining the lowest indexes of right answers. The pulp therapeutic decision showed statistical differences between all dentin groups and observers, with the largest positive choices for indicating pulp protection was to the softened dentin group and the group of students. Undergraduate students reported having difficulty knowing the time for stopping the carious dentin removal. The total removal of the carious tissue was the technique chosen among the groups of dentists(AU)