Bevacizumab for advanced cervical cancer: final overall survival and adverse event analysis of a randomised, controlled, open-label, phase 3 trial (Gynecologic Oncology Group 240).

BACKGROUND: On Aug 14, 2014, the US Food and Drug Administration approved the antiangiogenesis drug bevacizumab for women with advanced cervical cancer on the basis of improved overall survival (OS) after the second interim analysis (in 2012) of 271 deaths in the Gynecologic Oncology Group (GOG) 240 trial. In this study, we report the prespecified final analysis of the primary objectives, OS and adverse events. METHODS: In this randomised, controlled, open-label, phase 3 trial, we recruited patients with metastatic, persistent, or recurrent cervical carcinoma from 81 centres in the USA, Canada, and Spain. Inclusion criteria included a GOG performance status score of 0 or 1; adequate renal, hepatic, and bone marrow function; adequately anticoagulated thromboembolism; a urine protein to creatinine ratio of less than 1; and measurable disease. Patients who had received chemotherapy for recurrence and those with non-healing wounds or active bleeding conditions were ineligible. We randomly allocated patients 1:1:1:1 (blocking used; block size of four) to intravenous chemotherapy of either cisplatin (50 mg/m2 on day 1 or 2) plus paclitaxel (135 mg/m2 or 175 mg/m2 on day 1) or topotecan (0·75 mg/m2 on days 1-3) plus paclitaxel (175 mg/m2 on day 1) with or without intravenous bevacizumab (15 mg/kg on day 1) in 21 day cycles until disease progression, unacceptable toxic effects, voluntary withdrawal by the patient, or complete response. We stratified randomisation by GOG performance status (0 vs 1), previous radiosensitising platinum-based chemotherapy, and disease status (recurrent or persistent vs metastatic). We gave treatment open label. Primary outcomes were OS (analysed in the intention-to-treat population) and adverse events (analysed in all patients who received treatment and submitted adverse event information), assessed at the second interim and final analysis by the masked Data and Safety Monitoring Board. The cutoff for final analysis was 450 patients with 346 deaths. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00803062. FINDINGS: Between April 6, 2009, and Jan 3, 2012, we enrolled 452 patients (225 [50%] in the two chemotherapy-alone groups and 227 [50%] in the two chemotherapy plus bevacizumab groups). By March 7, 2014, 348 deaths had occurred, meeting the prespecified cutoff for final analysis. The chemotherapy plus bevacizumab groups continued to show significant improvement in OS compared with the chemotherapy-alone groups: 16·8 months in the chemotherapy plus bevacizumab groups versus 13·3 months in the chemotherapy-alone groups (hazard ratio 0·77 [95% CI 0·62-0·95]; p=0·007). Final OS among patients not receiving previous pelvic radiotherapy was 24·5 months versus 16·8 months (0·64 [0·37-1·10]; p=0·11). Postprogression OS was not significantly different between the chemotherapy plus bevacizumab groups (8·4 months) and chemotherapy-alone groups (7·1 months; 0·83 [0·66-1·05]; p=0·06). Fistula (any grade) occurred in 32 (15%) of 220 patients in the chemotherapy plus bevacizumab groups (all previously irradiated) versus three (1%) of 220 in the chemotherapy-alone groups (all previously irradiated). Grade 3 fistula developed in 13 (6%) versus one (<1%). No fistulas resulted in surgical emergencies, sepsis, or death. INTERPRETATION: The benefit conferred by incorporation of bevacizumab is sustained with extended follow-up as evidenced by the overall survival curves remaining separated. After progression while receiving bevacizumab, we did not observe a negative rebound effect (ie, shorter survival after bevacizumab is stopped than after chemotherapy alone is stopped). These findings represent proof-of-concept of the efficacy and tolerability of antiangiogenesis therapy in advanced cervical cancer. FUNDING: National Cancer Institute.

Factors associated with deciding between risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy and ovarian cancer screening among high-risk women enrolled in GOG-0199: An NRG Oncology/Gynecologic Oncology Group study.

OBJECTIVES: Women at increased genetic risk of ovarian cancer (OC) are recommended to have risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy (RRSO) after completion of reproductive planning. Effective screening has not been established, and novel screening modalities are being evaluated. METHODS: Participants chose either RRSO or a novel OC screening regimen (OCS) as their risk management option, and provided demographic and other data on BRCA mutation status, cancer worry, perceived intervention risks/benefits, perceived cancer risk, and quality-of-life at enrollment. We performed univariate and multivariate analyses to evaluate factors influencing decision between RRSO and OCS. RESULTS: Of 2287 participants enrolled, 904 (40%) chose RRSO and 1383 (60%) chose OCS. Compared with participants choosing OCS, participants choosing RRSO were older (p<0.0001), more likely to carry deleterious BRCA1/2 mutations (p<0.0001), perceive RRSO as effective, be more concerned about surgical harms and OCS limitations, and report higher perceived OC risk and OC-related worry. OCS participants were more likely to perceive screening as effective, be more concerned about menopausal symptoms, infertility, and loss of femininity, and report better overall quality-of-life. Twenty-four percent of participants believed they would definitely develop OC, and half estimated their lifetime OC risk as >50%, both higher than objective risk estimates. CONCLUSIONS: Cancer worry, BRCA1/2 mutation status, and perceived intervention-related risks and benefits were associated with choosing between RRSO and OCS. Efforts to promote individualized, evidence-based, shared medical decision-making among high-risk women facing management choices should focus on conveying accurate OC risk estimates, clarifying the current understanding of intervention-related benefits and limitations, and addressing OC worry.

Is age a prognostic biomarker for survival among women with locally advanced cervical cancer treated with chemoradiation? An NRG Oncology/Gynecologic Oncology Group ancillary data analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of age on completion of and toxicities following treatment of local regionally advanced cervical cancer (LACC) on Gynecologic Oncology Group (GOG) Phase I-III trials. METHODS: An ancillary data analysis of GOG protocols 113, 120, 165, 219 data was performed. Wilcoxon, Pearson, and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used for univariate and multivariate analysis. Log rank tests were used to compare survival lengths. RESULTS: One-thousand-three-hundred-nineteen women were included; 60.7% were Caucasian, 15% were age 60-70years and an additional 5% were >70; 87% had squamous histology, 55% had stage IIB disease and 34% had IIIB disease. Performance status declined with age (p=0.006). Histology and tumor stage did not significantly differ. Number of cycles of chemotherapy received, radiation treatment time, nor dose modifications varied with age. Notably, radiation protocol deviations and failure to complete brachytherapy (BT) did increase with age (p=0.022 and p<0.001 respectively). Only all grade lymphatic (p=0.006) and grade≥3 cardiovascular toxicities (p=0.019) were found to vary with age. A 2% increase in the risk of death for every year increase >50 for all-cause mortality (HR 1.02; 95% CI, 1.01-1.04) was found, but no association between age and disease specific mortality was found. CONCLUSION: This represents a large analysis of patients treated for LACC with chemo/radiation, approximately 20% of whom were >60years of age. Older patients, had higher rates of incomplete brachytherapy which is not explained by collected toxicity data. Age did not adversely impact completion of chemotherapy and radiation or toxicities.

Ovarian cancer clinical trial endpoints: Society of Gynecologic Oncology white paper.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the value of multiple clinical endpoints in the unique setting of ovarian cancer. METHODS: A clinical trial workgroup was established by the Society of Gynecologic Oncology to develop a consensus statement via multiple conference calls, meetings and white paper drafts. RESULTS: Clinical trial endpoints have profound effects on late phase clinical trial design, result interpretation, drug development, and regulatory approval of therapeutics. Selection of the optimal clinical trial endpoint is particularly provocative in ovarian cancer where long overall survival (OS) is observed. The lack of new regulatory approvals and the lack of harmony between regulatory bodies globally for ovarian cancer therapeutics are of concern. The advantages and disadvantages of the numerous endpoints available are herein discussed within the unique context of ovarian cancer where both crossover and post-progression therapies potentially uncouple surrogacy between progression-free survival (PFS) and OS, the two most widely supported and utilized endpoints. The roles of patient reported outcomes (PRO) and health related quality of life (HRQoL) are discussed, but even these widely supported parameters are affected by the unique characteristics of ovarian cancer where a significant percentage of patients may be asymptomatic. Original data regarding the endpoint preferences of ovarian cancer advocates is presented. CONCLUSIONS: Endpoint selection in ovarian cancer clinical trials should reflect the impact on disease burden and unique characteristics of the treatment cohort while reflecting true patient benefit. Both OS and PFS have led to regulatory approvals and are clinically important. OS remains the most objective and accepted endpoint because it is least vulnerable to bias; however, the feasibility of OS in ovarian cancer is compromised by the requirement for large trial size, prolonged time-line for final analysis, and potential for unintended loss of treatment effect from active post-progression therapies. A large magnitude of effect in PFS improvement should establish benefit, and further communication with regulatory authorities to clarify acceptable endpoints should be undertaken.

Cytokine use and survival in the first-line treatment of ovarian cancer: a Gynecologic Oncology Group Study.

BACKGROUND: Granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) and erythropoietin stimulating agents (ESA) may be used to support patients during chemotherapy. We assessed whether G-CSF or ESA were associated with progression or death in patients with ovarian cancer. METHODS: Patients with ovarian cancer following surgery, were on a protocol to evaluate bevacizumab with chemotherapy. Guidelines for administering G-CSF and ESA were specified in the protocol. Overall survival (OS) was analyzed with landmark procedures and multivariate, time-dependent hazard models. RESULTS: Eighteen-hundred-seventy-three women were enrolled, with no differences in clinical and pathologic variables among treatment group. Performance status, hemoglobin, and white cell counts were associated with G-CSF and/or ESA usage during treatment. Nine patients received no protocol directed therapy, leaving 1864 patients for this review. One-thousand-one-hundred-twenty-five patients received neither ESA nor G-CSF; 311 received G-CSF but no ESA; 241 received ESA but no G-CSF; and 187 received both. Median survival following a five month landmark from the start of treatment was 34 versus 38 months for those who did versus did not receive ESA (multivariate hazard ratio: 0.989; 95% confidence interval: 0.849-1.15) and 40 versus 37 months for those who did versus did not receive G-CSF (multivariate hazard ratio: 0.932; 95% confidence interval: 0.800-1.08). CONCLUSIONS: Neither ESA nor G-CSF had a negative impact on survival after adjustment of prognostic factors among patients with ovarian cancer receiving chemotherapy. ESA may appear to be associated with shorter survival in univariate analyses because factors prognostic for ESA use are also prognostic for progression-free survival.

Association of number of positive nodes and cervical stroma invasion with outcome of advanced endometrial cancer treated with chemotherapy or whole abdominal irradiation: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the number of positive pelvic nodes (PPN), cervical stromal involvement (CSI), and/or lymphovascular space involvement (LVSI) were prognostic factors among women with advanced endometrial carcinoma treated with adriamycin plus cisplatin (AP) or whole abdominal irradiation (WAI). METHODS: Data were abstracted from records of patients treated with adjuvant WAI or AP in a GOG randomized trial. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the association of CSI and PPN with differences in PFS and OS while adjusting for treatment and previously studied factors. RESULTS: WAI was randomly allocated to 202 and AP to 194 eligible patients. CSI (n=93 total) was associated with a 44% increase in risk of progression and a 33% increase in risk of death. There was a trend for increasing number PPN being associated with a 7% per positive node increase in risk of progression/death. For CSI, the estimated unadjusted treatment hazard ratios (HRs) were: PFS 0.85 (0.53, 1.38); OS 0.81 (0.50, 1.33). For metastatic disease limited to a single PPN (n=25), the unadjusted HRs were: PFS 0.96 (0.34, 2.74); OS 0.73 (0.24, 2.18). The test of homogeneity of treatment effect (ie., AP vs WAI) across subgroups (CSI, number of positive pelvic nodes) was not statistically significant for either endpoint, thus supporting the superiority of chemotherapy as reported in the original manuscript. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of CSI and increasing number of PPN were associated with poor prognosis. On average, patients with CSI experienced improved PFS and OS when treated with AP relative to WAI.

Phase II study of cisplatin plus cetuximab in advanced, recurrent, and previously treated cancers of the cervix and evaluation of epidermal growth factor receptor immunohistochemical expression: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of cetuximab (C225), an antibody that inhibits epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activity, with cisplatin and to explore associations between EGFR protein expression with patient demographics or clinical outcome. METHODS: Women with advanced, persistent, or recurrent carcinoma of the cervix were eligible. The women received cisplatin at 30mg/m(2) on days 1 and 8 with a loading dose of cetuximab at 400mg/m(2) followed by 250mg/m(2) on days 1, 8, and 15 in a 21day cycle. Adverse events were assessed with CTCAE v 3.0. Primary measure of efficacy was tumor response by RECIST. The study was stratified by prior chemotherapy (CT). EGFR protein expression in pre-treatment tumor was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: Between September 2004 and March 2008, 76 patients were enrolled. Of these, 69 were eligible and evaluable; 44 (64%) received prior chemotherapy. There were 4 responses in each group, prior chemotherapy and no chemotherapy, 9% and 16%, respectively. Grade 4 toxicities included anemia (1), allergy (1), metabolic (1), and vascular (1). The most common grade 3 toxicities were metabolic (15), dermatologic (8), fatigue (6), and gastrointestinal (6). EGFR protein was expressed in 47/48 (98%) of tumors analyzed with a median cellular expression of 81%. Exploratory analyses revealed a trend between the percentage of cells expressing EGFR protein and PFS (hazard ratio=1.76, 95% confidence interval=0.96-3.21). CONCLUSIONS: The combination of cetuximab with cisplatin was adequately tolerated but did not indicate additional benefit beyond cisplatin therapy.

Does the progression-free interval after primary chemotherapy predict survival after salvage chemotherapy in advanced and recurrent endometrial cancer?: a Gynecologic Oncology Group ancillary data analysis.

BACKGROUND: This study evaluated whether progression-free interval (PFI) following primary chemotherapy (PCT) was predictive of overall survival (OS) after second-line chemotherapy in advanced/recurrent endometrial cancer (EC). METHODS: This is a pooled analysis of patients who recurred after PCT and were treated with second-line chemotherapy on Gynecologic Oncology Group trials. PFI-1 measured from initiation of PCT to recurrence or treatment-free interval (TFI) measured from completion of PCT to initiation of second-line chemotherapy was evaluated in relation to clinical outcomes. RESULTS: A total of 586 patients treated on 5 phase 3 PCT protocols were included. Baseline factors in primary setting associated with clinical outcome after PCT were also predictive of OS after second-line chemotherapy, including race, Gynecologic Oncology Group performance status, grade, and prior radiation therapy (P<.01). PFI-1 was the most significant factor predictive of survival after second-line chemotherapy, with a 30% reduction in the risk of death for PFI-1>6 months compared with ≤6 months (hazard ratio [HR], 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.59-0.84 [P<.0001]) and median OS after second-line chemotherapy of 10 versus 5 months. A total of 275 patients treated on 9 phase 2 second-line chemotherapy protocols were also evaluated, and TFI>3 months was associated with a 25% reduction in the risk of death (HR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.57-0.97 [P=.030]) and median OS after second-line chemotherapy of 10 versus 7 months compared with TFI≤3 months. The tumor response to second-line chemotherapy was 9.6% versus 5.8%; the difference was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Time to recurrence after PCT is predictive of survival after recurrence in advanced/recurrent EC. However, there is no evidence that this variable can be used in selecting salvage chemotherapy.

Chemotherapy intensity and toxicity among black and white women with advanced and recurrent endometrial cancer: a Gynecologic Oncology Group Study.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to confirm whether black and white women with endometrial cancer are equally tolerant of chemotherapy and identify factors that impact survival. METHODS: A retrospective review of 169 black women and 982 white women with the International Federation of Gynecologists and Obstetricians stage III, stage IV, or recurrent endometrial carcinoma was performed. All patients received doxorubicin combined with cisplatin. Chemotherapy parameters that were reviewed included relative dose, relative time, and relative dose intensity. Treatment cycles > or =7 were defined as treatment completion. RESULTS: Although black patients were more likely to experience grades 3-4 anemia (20% vs 14%) and genitourinary (5% vs 1%) toxicity, and less likely to experience severe gastrointestinal toxicity (10% vs 17%), the overall incidence of grades 3-4 treatment-related chemotoxicity was the same between the 2 groups (82% vs 82%). There were no differences in the number of cycles received, relative dose (0.57 vs 0.58), relative time (0.77 vs 0.78), or relative dose intensity (0.76 vs 0.76) for black and white patients. CONCLUSIONS: Black patients with advanced stage or recurrent endometrial cancer, treated on 4 Gynecologic Oncology Group (GOG) protocols, had similar dose intensity and severe chemotherapy-related toxicity compared with white patients, suggesting that previously described racial disparities in survival among patients in GOG trials may have an novel etiology.

Phase II trial of trastuzumab in women with advanced or recurrent, HER2-positive endometrial carcinoma: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study.

PURPOSE: This study evaluated efficacy of single-agent trastuzumab against advanced or recurrent HER2-positive endometrial carcinoma (EC), and explored predictors for HER2 amplification. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Eligible patients had measurable stage III, IV, or recurrent EC. There was no limit on prior therapy although total prior doxorubicin dose was limited to 320 mg/m(2). Tumors were required to have HER2 overexpression (2+ or 3+ immunohistochemical staining) or HER2 amplification (FISH HER2/CEP 17 ratio >2.0). Trastuzumab was administered intravenously at a dose of 4 mg/kg in week 1, then 2 mg/kg weekly until disease progression. The primary endpoint was tumor response. RESULTS: Of the 286 tumors centrally screened by LabCorp, 33 (11.5%) were HER2-amplified. Three of 8 clear (38%) cell carcinomas and 7 of 25 serous carcinomas (28%) screened exhibited HER2 amplification compared with 7% (2/29) of endometrioid adenocarcinomas. HER2 overexpression was correlated with HER2 amplification (r=0.459; p<0.0001). Thirty-four women were enrolled; 1 was excluded (refused treatment); and 18 had tumors with known HER2 amplification. No major tumor responses were observed. Twelve women experienced stable disease, 18 had increasing disease, and 3 were indeterminate for tumor response. Neither HER2 overexpression nor HER2 amplification appeared to be associated with progression-free survival or overall survival. CONCLUSION: Trastuzumab as a single agent did not demonstrate activity against endometrial carcinomas with HER2 overexpression or HER2 amplification, although full planned accrual of women with HER2 amplified tumors was not achieved due to slow recruitment. Serous and clear cell endometrial carcinomas appear to be more likely to demonstrate HER2 amplification.

American Society of Clinical Oncology 2008 clinical practice guideline update: use of chemotherapy and radiation therapy protectants.

PURPOSE: To update a clinical practice guideline on the use of chemotherapy and radiation therapy protectants for patients with cancer. METHODS: An update committee reviewed literature published since the last guideline update in 2002. RESULTS: Thirty-nine reports met the inclusion criteria: palifermin and dexrazoxane, three reports (two studies) each; amifostine, 33 reports (31 studies); and mesna, no published randomized trials identified since 2002. RECOMMENDATIONS: Dexrazoxane is not recommended for routine use in breast cancer (BC) in adjuvant setting, or metastatic setting with initial doxorubicin-based chemotherapy. Consider use with metastatic BC and other malignancies, for patients who have received more than 300 mg/m(2) doxorubicin who may benefit from continued doxorubicin-containing therapy. Cardiac monitoring should continue in patients receiving doxorubicin. Amifostine may be considered for prevention of cisplatin-associated nephrotoxicity, reduction of grade 3 to 4 neutropenia (alternative strategies are reasonable), and to decrease acute and late xerostomia with fractionated radiation therapy alone for head and neck cancer. It is not recommended for protection against thrombocytopenia, prevention of platinum-associated neurotoxicity or ototoxicity or paclitaxel-associated neuropathy, prevention of radiation therapy-associated mucositis in head and neck cancer, or prevention of esophagitis during concurrent chemoradiotherapy for non-small-cell lung cancer. Palifermin is recommended to decrease severe mucositis in autologous stem-cell transplantation (SCT) for hematologic malignancies with total-body irradiation (TBI) conditioning regimens, and considered for patients undergoing myeloablative allogeneic SCT with TBI-based conditioning regimens. Data are insufficient to recommend use in the non-SCT setting.

Clinical trial endpoints in ovarian cancer: report of an FDA/ASCO/AACR Public Workshop.

OBJECTIVE: The unique characteristics of cancer, particularly issues involving the use of surrogate endpoints in clinical trials, present special challenges in the development of cancer drugs. In response, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has partnered with the American Society of Clinical Oncology, the American Association for Cancer Research, and the American Society of Hematology to conduct public workshops evaluating potential endpoints for drug approvals for the most common tumor types. METHODS: A workshop evaluating potential endpoints in ovarian cancer drug research was held in Bethesda, Maryland, in April 2006. Invited experts presented research findings and discussed endpoints in trials of drugs for treatment of Stage III and IV ovarian cancer. RESULTS: The panel responded to specific questions from FDA, discussing use of progression-free survival as a surrogate for overall survival and use of CA-125 levels as an indicator of response. Panel members also addressed endpoints in first-line therapy, second-line and subsequent therapy, and maintenance therapy. CONCLUSION: Expert commentary provided by panel members will inform FDA's draft guidance on clinical endpoints for cancer drug approvals and will be discussed at meetings of the FDA's Oncologic Drugs Advisory Committee. FDA intends to develop a set of principles that can be used to define efficacy standards for drugs used to treat ovarian and other cancers.

The relationship between histology and outcome in advanced and recurrent endometrial cancer patients participating in first-line chemotherapy trials: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study.

OBJECTIVES: To explore associations between histology and outcome in advanced or recurrent endometrial cancer patients participating in Gynecologic Oncology Group chemotherapy trials. METHODS: Age, race, performance status, histologic type (serous=S; clear cell=CC; endometrioid=E), disease stage, and prior radiation were evaluated using various analytic methods to evaluate the probability of response and identify independent predictors of progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). RESULTS: Single agent or combination chemotherapy regimens including doxorubicin (A) (12%), doxorubicin/cisplatin (AP) (63%), doxorubicin/paclitaxel (AT) (13%), and paclitaxel/doxorubicin/cisplatin (TAP) (11%) were used among 1203 patients treated on 4 randomized clinical trials. Breakdown of disease stage was 7.8% stage III, 22.8% stage IV, and 69.4% recurrent disease. Histologic distribution was 18% S, 3.7% CC, 8.5% mixed, 51.7% E and 18.1% other. More S/CC patients enrolled on trials with advanced stage (III-IV) disease (as opposed to recurrent disease) compared to E patients (45% vs. 24%, p<0.05). Overall response rate was 42% (E=44%, S=44%, CC=32%). Histologic type was not an independent predictor of response. Independent predictors of PFS included race, performance status, disease stage, and CC histology. Histology was also an independent predictor of OS; the relative hazard ratio for S histology was 1.2 (1.02-1.4; p=0.03), and for CC was 1.51 (1.1-2.07; p=0.01). CONCLUSION: In patients with advanced/recurrent endometrial cancer treated with A, P and/or T, response was not associated with histology. This exploratory analysis does not support exclusion of S tumors in future trials. Poorer PFS and OS were observed in CC compared to other types, but a lack of benefit from chemotherapy was not shown, and as this histology represents such a small fraction, it does not seem feasible to have separate chemotherapy trials for CC.

Long-term follow-up of a randomized trial comparing concurrent single agent cisplatin, cisplatin-based combination chemotherapy, or hydroxyurea during pelvic irradiation for locally advanced cervical cancer: a Gynecologic Oncology Group Study.

PURPOSE: We report the long-term survival and toxicity of a randomized phase III study comparing cisplatin alone with cisplatin, flurouracil, and hydroxyurea versus hydroxyurea concurrent with pelvic irradiation for patients with locally advanced cervical cancer with pathologically negative para-aortic nodes. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Comparisons of progression-free (PFS) and overall survival (OS) between treatment arms utilized Kaplan-Meier and log-rank statistics. Relative risk estimates adjusting for prognostic factors were determined using the Cox proportional hazards regression model. Pearson's 2 test was used to assess differences in adverse events. RESULTS: The analysis included 526 patients. The median follow-up among surviving patients was 106 months. Consistent with the original report, improvement in PFS and OS was evident for both cisplatin-containing arms compared with hydroxyurea (P < .001). Analogous results were seen for stage IIB and for stage III disease (each P < .025). The relative risk of progression of disease or death was 0.57 (95% CI, 0.43 to 0.75) with cisplatin and 0.51 (95% CI, 0.38 to 0.67) with cisplatin-based combination chemotherapy compared with hydroxyurea. Among 518 patients who received radiation, acute (grade 3 or 4) gastrointestinal or urologic toxicities occurred in 66 with cisplatin (19.1%) and 29 with hydroxyurea (16.8%). Delayed radiation toxicity occurred in six patients who received cisplatin (1.7%) and two who received hydroxyurea (1.2%; P = .680). CONCLUSION: Cisplatin-based chemotherapy during pelvic radiation therapy improves long-term PFS and OS among locally advanced cervical cancer patients collectively and for stage IIB and III disease, individually. There was no observed increase in late toxicity with cisplatin-based chemoradiotherapy.

Impact of body mass index on treatment outcomes in endometrial cancer patients receiving doxorubicin and cisplatin: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the association between body mass index (BMI) and outcomes in women with advanced or recurrent endometrial cancer treated with doxorubicin/cisplatin. METHODS: Data from patients treated on five Gynecologic Oncology Group trials were retrospectively reviewed. BMI was categorized as normal (< 25), overweight (> or = 25 to < 30), obese (> or = 30 to < 40), and morbidly obese (> or = 40). BMI was analyzed for associations with demographics, clinical characteristics, toxicity, progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS). RESULTS: Among 949 patients, 533 (56%) had recurrent disease, 227 (23.9%) had Stage IV disease, and 189 (19.9%) had Stage III disease. Mean BMI was 29.8; 29.6%, 27.0%, 33.2% and 10.2% of patients, respectively, were categorized as normal, overweight, obese, and morbidly obese. The mean BMI was significantly different when compared by age group (p<0.001), stage (p=0.047), histologic type (p=0.024), and tumor grade (p=0.014). Older patients and those with clear cell, poorly differentiated tumors, or stage IV disease had a lower BMI. No significant associations between PFS and BMI were detected. Increasing BMI was significantly associated with an increased risk of death in Stage III/IV (HR=1.86, 95% CI 1.16-2.99 for BMI > or = 40 vs. BMI < 25) but not recurrent patients. Higher BMI patients had less Grade 3/4 toxicities than normal patients (p<0.001) but this difference disappeared for obese patients receiving > or = 95% of the calculated dose. CONCLUSIONS: BMI was not predictive of PFS in this endometrial cancer population although morbidly obese patients had decreased OS in primary Stage III/IV patients. Toxicities decreased with increasing BMI, perhaps secondary to capped dosing.

Racial disparity in survival among patients with advanced/recurrent endometrial adenocarcinoma: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have reported shorter survival of black women compared with white women who had advanced/recurrent endometrial cancer. It has been suggested that this may reflect racially based differences in treatment. METHODS: The authors retrospectively reviewed data from 169 black women and 982 white women with International Federation of Gynecologic Oncology (FIGO) Stage III, Stage IV, or recurrent endometrial carcinoma who were participants in 1 of 4 Gynecologic Oncology Group randomized treatment trials of doxorubicin alone or combined with paclitaxel and/or cisplatin. Demographic, histologic, treatment, and outcome data were analyzed to estimate survival, and between-group comparisons were performed. RESULTS: The pooled data revealed that black women were more likely to have papillary serous histology (P < .001), Stage IV disease (P < .001), and higher tumor grade (P < .001) compared with white women, and survival was worse among black women than among white women (median survival, 10.6 months vs. 12.2 months, respectively; P < .001). A Cox proportional hazards regression analysis that was adjusted for performance status, disease stage, tumor histology, tumor grade, and treatment demonstrated worse survival for black women (hazards ratio, 1.26, 95% confidence interval, 1.06-1.51; P = .010). CONCLUSIONS: The data from a large group of women with advanced/recurrent endometrial cancer suggested that a racial disparity in survival persists, despite the finding that black women and white women received similar treatment. Although the causes of racial disparity in endometrial cancer remain to be elucidated, socioeconomic, biologic, and cultural factors should be investigated to identify the etiologic origins of this multifactorial healthcare problem.

The role of maintenance therapy and novel taxanes in ovarian cancer.

OBJECTIVES: Despite several studies reporting various degrees of success, the role of maintenance chemotherapy in ovarian cancer remains controversial. This article reviews the available data and the controversy surrounding maintenance therapy. In addition, the role of novel taxanes, which may offer an improved therapeutic index and reduced toxicity relative to conventional therapies in this setting, is discussed. METHODS: The available randomized clinical data on extended or maintenance therapy in ovarian cancer are reviewed. RESULTS: Available data indicate that patients with ovarian cancer undergoing taxane maintenance chemotherapy exhibit a reduced recurrence rate and a longer progression-free survival. CONCLUSIONS: While an additional randomized trial is needed to confirm these benefits and establish maintenance therapy as the standard of care, the authors conclude that maintenance therapy is a valuable option that should be discussed with patients until further data are available. The Gynecologic Oncology Group 212 trial is a randomized clinical trial that is designed to answer whether taxane maintenance therapy offers a survival advantage as well as to determine the impact of such a therapeutic regimen on a patient's quality of life. This trial is also designed to address some of the questions regarding the role of a novel taxane in maintenance therapy in ovarian cancer.

Randomized phase III trial of whole-abdominal irradiation versus doxorubicin and cisplatin chemotherapy in advanced endometrial carcinoma: a Gynecologic Oncology Group Study.

PURPOSE: To compare whole-abdominal irradiation (WAI) and doxorubicin-cisplatin (AP) chemotherapy in women with stage III or IV endometrial carcinoma having a maximum of 2 cm of postoperative residual disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Four hundred twenty-two patients were entered onto this trial. Of 396 assessable patients, 202 were randomly allocated to receive WAI, and 194 were allocated to receive AP. Irradiation dosage was 30 Gy in 20 fractions, with a 15-Gy boost. Chemotherapy consisted of doxorubicin 60 mg/m2 and cisplatin 50 mg/m2 every 3 weeks for seven cycles, followed by one cycle of cisplatin. RESULTS: Most patient and tumor characteristics were well balanced. The median patient age was 63 years; 50% had endometrioid tumors. Median follow-up time was 74 months. The hazard ratio for progression adjusted for stage was 0.71 favoring AP (95% CI, 0.55 to 0.91; P < .01). At 60 months, 50% of patients receiving AP were predicted to be alive and disease free when adjusting for stage compared with 38% of patients receiving WAI. The stage-adjusted death hazard ratio was 0.68 (95% CI, 0.52 to 0.89; P < .01) favoring AP. Moreover, at 60 months and adjusting for stage, 55% of AP patients were predicted to be alive compared with 42% of WAI patients. Greater acute toxicity was seen with AP. Treatment probably contributed to the deaths of eight patients (4%) on the AP arm and five patients (2%) on the WAI arm. CONCLUSION: Chemotherapy with AP significantly improved progression-free and overall survival compared with WAI. Nevertheless, further advances in efficacy and reduction in toxicity are clearly needed.

Role of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin in ovarian cancer.

OBJECTIVES: Safe, effective treatments are needed for relapsed ovarian cancer. Goals include improving symptoms, enhancing quality of life, and prolonging survival. The plethora of agents currently available present difficult choices for physicians. The present effort seeks to examine the role of one of these agents, pegylated liposomal doxorubicin. METHODS: A roundtable meeting of experts in the management of ovarian carcinoma was held to build consensus around the present and future role of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin for ovarian cancer and other gynecologic malignancies. RESULTS: Pegylated liposomal doxorubicin is effective and well tolerated in relapsed ovarian cancer. When compared with topotecan in a phase III randomized trial, pegylated liposomal doxorubicin showed several advantages: improved quality of life, fewer severe adverse events, fewer dose modifications, less hematologic support, and lower total cost per patient. In platinum-sensitive patients, pegylated liposomal doxorubicin also produced a survival advantage. Results from prospective and retrospective studies further demonstrate the improved cardiac safety of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin compared to conventional anthracyclines. CONCLUSIONS: Based on survival and toxicity advantages and a once-monthly administration schedule, pegylated liposomal doxorubicin is the first-choice nonplatinum agent for relapsed ovarian cancer. Pegylated liposomal doxorubicin may also have clinical application in combination regimens for platinum-sensitive ovarian cancer, as consolidation/maintenance therapy for ovarian cancer, as a component of first-line therapy for ovarian cancer, and in the treatment of other gynecologic malignancies. Future clinical trials will further define and maximize the role of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin in the treatment of ovarian cancer and other gynecologic malignancies.

Phase III trial of doxorubicin with or without cisplatin in advanced endometrial carcinoma: a gynecologic oncology group study.

PURPOSE: Doxorubicin and cisplatin have activity in endometrial carcinoma and at initiation of this study ranked as the most active agents. This trial of stage III, IV, or recurrent disease evaluated whether combining these agents increases response rate (RR) and prolongs progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) over doxorubicin alone. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Of 299 patients registered, 281 (94%) were eligible. Regimens were doxorubicin 60 mg/m(2) intravenously or doxorubicin 60 mg/m(2) plus cisplatin 50 mg/m(2) every 3 weeks until disease progression, unacceptable toxicity, or a total of 500 mg/m(2) doxorubicin. RESULTS: There were 12 (8%) complete (CR) and 26 (17%) partial responses (PR) among 150 patients receiving doxorubicin versus 25 (19%) CRs and 30 (23%) PRs among patients receiving the combination. The overall response rate was higher among patients receiving the combination (42%) compared with patients receiving doxorubicin (25%; P =.004). Median PFS was 5.7 and 3.8 months, respectively, for the combination and single agent. The PFS hazard ratio was 0.736 (95% CI, 0.577 to 0.939; P =.014). Median OS was 9.0 and 9.2 months, respectively, for the combination and single agent. Overall death rates were similar in the two groups (hazard ratio, 0.928; 95% CI, 0.727 to 1.185). Nausea, vomiting, and hematologic toxicities were common. The combination produced more grade 3 to 4 leukopenia (62% v 40%), thrombocytopenia (14% v 2%), anemia (22% v 4%), and nausea/vomiting (13% v 3%). CONCLUSION: Adding cisplatin to doxorubicin in advanced endometrial carcinoma improves RR and PFS with a negligible impact on OS and produces increased toxicity. These results have served as a building block for subsequent phase III trials in patients with disseminated and high-risk limited endometrial carcinoma.