Development of a cytokine-modified allogeneic whole cell pancreatic cancer vaccine.

The management of patients with pancreatic cancer is a multidisciplinary approach that presents enormous challenges to the clinician. Overall 5-yr survival for all patients remains < 3%. Symptoms of early pancreas cancer are nonspecific. As such, only a fraction of patients are candidates for surgery. While surgical resection provides the only curative option, most patients will develop tumor recurrence and die of their disease. To date, the clinical benefits of chemotherapy and radiation therapy have been important but have led to modest improvements. Tumor vaccines have the potential to specifically target the needle of pancreas cancer cells amidst the haystack of normal tissue. The discovery of pancreas tumor-specific antigens and the subsequent ability to harness this technology has become an area of intense interest for tumor immunologists and clinicians alike. Without knowledge of specific antigen targets, the whole tumor cell represents the best source of immunizing antigens. This chapter will focus on the development of whole tumor cell vaccine strategies for pancreas cancer.

Lentivirus-mediated gene transfer and expression in established human tumor antigen-specific cytotoxic T cells and primary unstimulated T cells.

In this report, we evaluated the efficiency of stable gene transfer into established CD8(+) human tumor antigen-specific cytotoxic T cell (CTL) lines and peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) by oncoretroviral and lentiviral vectors. In the oncoretroviral vector, the green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter gene was regulated by the murine stem cell virus (MSCV) promoter. In three human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-based lentiviral vectors, the GFP transgene was regulated by either a chimeric MSCV/HIV-1 promoter, or cellular promoters from human housekeeping genes PGK and EF1 alpha. We found that several lines of proliferating tumor-specific CTL were poorly (=2%) transduced by the oncoretroviral vector that transduced Jurkat T cell line efficiently (=80%). In contrast, three lentiviral vectors transduced 38-63% of these proliferating CTL. More interestingly, all lentiviral vectors packaged without the HIV-1 accessory proteins transduced human bulk PBL and purified CD4(+) and CD8(+) lymphocyte subsets without prior stimulation. Detailed analysis indicated that the lentiviral vectors containing the EF1 alpha or PGK ubiquitous promoter can transduce unstimulated PBL and achieve low-level transgene expression in the absence of any T-cell activation. However, T-cell activation subsequent to the transduction of unstimulated PBL is required for high-level transgene expression. Transduced PBL expressing transgene delivered by the lentiviral vectors still preserved resting and naïve cell phenotypes. Taken together, prior T cell stimulation and HIV-1 accessory proteins are dispensable for lentivirus-mediated gene transfer into resting naïve and memory T lymphocytes. These results will have significant implications for the study of T-cell biology and for the improvement of clinical gene therapies of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and cancer.