Cytophagic and S-100 protein immunoreactive myeloid leukemia cutis.

Myeloid leukemia cutis (LC) is the cutaneous involvement by neoplastic leukocytes of the myeloid series. Myeloid LC may occur de novo or concurrently with acute myeloid leukemias, chronic myeloid leukemias, other myeloproliferative disorders or myelodysplastic syndromes. We describe an unusual case of cytophagic S-100 protein immunoreactive leukemia cutis presenting in an 87-year-old woman without prior history of myeloid leukemia or other hematologic disorders. We outline key histologic and immunohistochemical features that aide in the diagnosis of LC. The presence of cytophagocytosis on histologic examination, a phenomenon more commonly associated with lymphoid rather than myeloid malignancies, provided a clue to the possibility of a malignant process. The atypical myeloid infiltrate showed S-100 protein positivity, an unusual finding that may be seen in LC. Although not commonly reported in LC, the presence of S-100 protein positivity and cytophagocytosis should not lead to the premature exclusion of LC as a possible diagnosis until a thorough clinical, histologic and immunohistochemical evaluation is performed. In addition, the presence of cytophagocytosis has been shown to have prognostic significance for patients with myeloid leukemia.

Granular cell atypical fibroxanthoma: case report and review of the literature.

We present a case of granular cell atypical fibroxanthoma of the scalp. The neoplasm occurred as a tender nodule on the frontal scalp of an 82-year-old Caucasian man. Histology demonstrated a diffuse proliferation of atypical epithelioid cells with abundant granular cytoplasm. Many of the cells had large irregular nuclei and atypical mitotic figures were present. Immunohistochemical stains were positive for CD68 and procollagen 1 and negative for cytokeratin, HMB-45 and S-100 protein. The granular cell phenotype has been observed in other cutaneous neoplasms including granular cell tumors, dermatofibromas, dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, fibrous papules, basal cell carcinomas, leiomyosarcomas, angiosarcomas and primitive polypoid granular cell tumors. We discuss the differential diagnosis and review the previously reported cases of this rare variant of atypical fibroxanthoma.

The cost of psoriasis therapies: considerations for therapy selection.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this article is to provide a review of the cost of psoriasis therapies from two sources as well as compare the average wholesale price (AWP), as listed in the 2003 Drug Topics Red Book to that of a popular Internet pharmacy. METHODS: Prices of therapies were obtained two ways: the AWP was recorded from the 2003 Drug Topics Red Book. A range and average price per gram (or mL) were calculated based on the smallest size or quantity available. In addition, a price comparison was made to values as they were reported online at drugstore.com. Monthly cost estimates were based on average systemic dosing and for topicals, 18 g/month (for 1% body surface area [BSA] involvement). RESULTS: The prices of psoriatic treatment medications vary considerably--from the relatively inexpensive topical corticosteroids to the more costly biologic therapies. In the category of corticosteroids, a trend was evident between the overall price per gram of each class and the potency of each class. Class I and VI corticosteroids had an average price per gram (or mL) of dollars 2.08 (dollars 37/month/1% BSA) and dollars 0.86 (dollars 15/month/1% BSA), respectively. Nonsteroidal topical treatments had an average price per gram (or mL) dollars 2.18 (dollars 39/month/1% BSA). Systemic therapies have a wide range of costs. The total monthly expense, based on estimated average dosing, was calculated for methotrexate, acitretin, and cyclosporine and were dollars 78.60, dollars 400.50, and dollars 735.00, respectively. Biologic therapies designed for continuous use cost roughly dollars 1,300/month. DISCUSSION: There are numerous treatment options for psoriasis with a wide range of costs. In addition to significant challenges from a scientific perspective, psoriasis treatment is further complicated by the cost of the numerous medications. Prices reported in the AWP were similar in many instances to those listed at an Internet pharmacy. Many considerations should go into therapy selection for psoriasis and a comprehensive approach that includes cost will likely provide the best patient care.