The transformation of psychoanalysis in America: emigré analysts and the New York Psychoanalytic Society and institute, 1935-1961.

Part I reviews the role of the Emergency Committee on Relief and Immigration of the American Psychoanalytic Association, chaired by Lawrence Kubie and Bettina Warburg, members of the New York Psychoanalytic Society, in facilitating the immigration to the United States of scores of European analysts and candidates between 1938 and 1943. The challenges facing the committee are outlined in reports written by Kubie and Warburg. In particular, the intractable problem of how to integrate European lay analysts into the American Psychoanalytic Association was an ever present problem. Part II describes the impact emigré analysts had on the intellectual life of the New York Psychoanalytic Society and Institute, and considers how the psychoanalytic work of the emigrés was influenced by their move to America. The reminiscences of two emigré analysts, Peter Neubauer and Kurt R. Eissler, on their experience of coming to the United States close the paper.

Ernst Kris: the objects of memory.

In 1956, the year before his death, Ernst Kris published a trilogy of papers on memory--"The Personal Myth," "On Some Vicissitudes of Insight in Psychoanalysis," and "The Recovery of Childhood Memories"--and was planning to publish a monograph on the subject. In his papers on memory, by juxtaposing his clinical work with adult patients and his research on very young children, Kris sketched a trajectory of the dynamic relationship between preoedipal ego development and object relations, against the backdrop of psychosexual stages and the defenses that mediate memory. Kris was firmly committed to the premise that "the development of ego functions and object relations . . . are of equal and intrinsic importance." This paper explores how Kris's papers on memory may also be read as delineating his thinking on the role of object relations in infants and young children. In his last paper, the posthumously published "Decline and Recovery in the Life of a Three-Year-Old" (1962), his interest in ego development and object relations shifts to object relations, but the role of memory remains crucial. The paper concludes with some observations about the omissions and distortions that characterize how the history of psychoanalysis is recalled, orally transmitted, and written.

Karl Abraham in New York: the contributions of Bertram D. Lewin.

Bertram D. Lewin (1896-1971), a leading member of the New York Psychoanalytic Society and Institute, trained at the Berlin Psychoanalytic Institute in the late 1920s. Lewin's thinking was deeply influenced by Karl Abraham, whose delineation of the oral stage of libidinal development provided the theoretical foundation for Lewin's highly original psychoanalytic papers on mania, sleep and dreams. These contributions and his articulation of the oral triad -- the wish to eat, the wish to be eaten and the wish to sleep -- are reviewed and the stimulating influence his thinking exercised on his analytic colleagues is noted.

A measure of agreement: an exploration of the relationship of D. W. Winnicott and Phyllis Greenacre.

The British psychoanalyst D. W. Winnicott and the American psychoanalyst Phyllis Greenacre were both deeply absorbed by the vicissitudes of the infant's and young child's psychic development. Their clinical observations and theoretical ideas display striking convergences and reciprocal influences. Winnicott was deeply influenced by Greenacre's account of maturational processes, an important stimulus to his thinking that originated outside of the British Psychoanalytical Society. Greenacre's writings on early ego development and creativity were influenced by Winnicott's concept of transitional phenomena. The fact that these relationships have remained unexplored until now indicates the need for less insular accounts of the development of psychoanalytic thought on the two sides of the Atlantic.

[Saved from oblivion. Comments on the English edition of Isidor Sadger's "Recollecting Freud"]. / Gerettet aus der Verschollenheit. Zur englischen Ausgabe von Isidor Sadgers Erinnerungen an Freud.

The fact that Isidor Sadger, Freud's self-proclaimed earliest pupil, had written and published his recollections of Freud, has been known for many years. But it had proved impossible to locate a copy of Sadger's book. Now an English version has appeared (to be followed soon by the German original). This paper, based on archival sources, tells the dramatic story of Sadger's book, discusses its strengths and weaknesses and assesses the scholarship and translation of the English edition.