Cardiovascular Risk Factors are Inversely Associated With Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Plasma Levels in Pediatric Kidney Transplant Recipients.

OBJECTIVES: High plasma levels of the omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid, and docosapentaenoic acid associates with positive outcomes in adult renal transplant recipients. However, data from pediatric populations are scarce. The aim of the study was to assess the fatty acid profile in a pediatric renal transplantation cohort and to examine the associations between plasma omega-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study comprising 53 children (median age, 12.2 years; 32 boys) with a renal transplant, we assessed the prevalence of CVD risk factors as well as markers of end organ damage: carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) and left ventricular mass index. The associations between plasma omega-3 fatty acids and CVD risk factors were assessed. RESULTS: Twenty-five (47%) patients were preemptively transplanted. Seventy-six percent had dyslipidemia and 51% had hypertension. The mean left ventricular mass index was 40.4 ± 14.3 g/m2.7, and 14% had left ventricular hypertrophy. The mean cIMT was 0.41 ± 0.04 mm. In a multivariate linear regression, EPA levels were inversely associated to blood pressure (ß coeff. = -0.37, P = .007), triglycerides (ß coeff. = -0.44, P = .01), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (ß coeff. = -0.41, P = .01). CONCLUSION: EPA levels are inversely associated with components of the metabolic syndrome, which may provide support for specific dietary advice or supplementation in this patient population. cIMT is less pronounced in our cohort than in comparable cohorts with lower rate of preemptive transplantations. Our results need replication in prospective cohorts.

Growth Differentiation Factor 15 in Children with Chronic Kidney Disease and after Renal Transplantation.

Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) is strongly associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD). The aim of our study was to evaluate plasma and urinary levels of GDF-15 after pediatric renal transplantation (Rtx) and in children with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and its associations to cardiovascular risk factors. In this cross-sectional study, GDF-15 was measured in plasma and urine from 53 children with a renal transplant and 83 children with CKD and related to cardiovascular risk factors (hypertension, obesity, and cholesterol) and kidney function. Forty healthy children served as a control group. Plasma levels of GDF-15 (median and range) for a Tx (transplantation) cohort, CKD cohort, and healthy controls were, respectively, 865 ng/L (463-3039 ng/L), 508 ng/L (183-3279 ng/L), and 390 ng/L (306-657 ng/L). The CKD and Tx cohorts both had significantly higher GDF-15 levels than the control group (p < 0.001). Univariate associations between GDF-15 and hyperuricemia (p < 0.001), elevated triglycerides (p = 0.028), low HDL (p = 0.038), and obesity (p = 0.028) were found. However, mGFR (p < 0.001) and hemoglobin (p < 0.001) were the only significant predictors of GDF-15 in an adjusted analysis. Urinary GDF-15/creatinine ratios were 448 ng/mmol (74-5013 ng/mmol) and 540 ng/mmol (5-14960 ng/mmol) in the Tx cohort and CKD cohort, respectively. In the CKD cohort, it was weakly correlated to mGFR (r = -0.343, p = 0.002). Plasma levels of GDF-15 are elevated in children with CKD and after Rtx. The levels were not associated with traditional cardiovascular risk factors but strongly associated with renal function.

Small effort, high impact: Focus on physical activity improves oxygen uptake (VO2peak ), quality of life, and mental health after pediatric renal transplantation.

This study estimates the effects on peak oxygen uptake (VO2 peak ), QoL, and mental health after the introduction of an adjusted post-transplant follow-up program, that is, early physiotherapy and focus on the importance of physical activity. VO2 peak was measured by a treadmill exercise test in 20 renal-transplanted children on the adjusted post-transplant follow-up and compared with a group of 22 patients investigated in a previously, before the implementation of our new follow-up routines. PedsQL and The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) were used to assess QoL and mental health in 45 patients on the new as compared to 32 patients on the previous follow-up strategy. The patients exposed to early physiotherapy and a higher focus on physical activity had significantly higher VO2 peak (44.3 vs 33.5 mL kg-1  min-1 , P = .031) in addition to improved QoL (P = .003) and mental health scores (P = .012). The cardiovascular risk profile was similar in both groups aside from significantly higher triglycerides in the present cohort. Small efforts as early physiotherapy and increased focus on physical activity after pediatric renal transplantation have significant impact on cardiorespiratory fitness, QoL, and mental health. The importance of physical activity should therefore be emphasized in follow-up programs.

[Renovascular disease in children - a rare diagnosis with few symptoms]. / Renovaskulær sykdom hos barn ­ sjelden diagnose med få symptomer.

BACKGROUND To estimate the prevalence, symptoms, causes and treatment of renovascular disease in children, and also to assess the degree of secondary organ damage to the heart, kidneys and eyes (end organ damage).MATERIAL AND METHOD Retrospective review of data for all children (0 - 16 years) who were examined for resistant hypertension in the period 1998 - 2013 at Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet.RESULTS A total of 21 children/adolescents (median age 8.5 years, 11 girls) were assessed and treated for resistant hypertension in the study period. Altogether had 38 % no symptoms at the time of diagnosis and 19 % had classical symptoms of hypertension. Fifteen patients received invasive treatment in the form of percutaneous transluminal renal angioplasty (PTRA) (n = 5), nephrectomy (n = 6), coiling (n = 1), autotransplantation (n = 1) or a combination of these (n = 2). Blood pressure improved following treatment in 10 of 14 patients for whom outcomes were recorded in the medical records. End organ damage to the heart and retina was observed in 60 % and 50 % of patients, respectively.INTERPRETATION Children with severely elevated blood pressure as a result of renovascular disease often have unspecific or no symptoms. Blood pressure improved following invasive treatment in 10 of 14 children and few complications were recorded. Invasive treatment may be considered in children and adolescents when standard treatment for hypertension is insufficient.