RESUMO
The physical and social characteristics of 60 American Indian children referred for psychological services were compared to those of 60 matched, non-Indian controls. Data were obtained from detailed records available in a multidisciplinary, medical school-related child study clinic. Indian children exhibited more health and social risk factors, but were superior to non-Indians on a variety of motor variables. Interpretations are offered concerning better psychological services for American Indian children based on better understanding of their possible exposure to physical health and social risks which may be related to psychological development.
Assuntos
Deficiências do Desenvolvimento/psicologia , Indígenas Norte-Americanos/psicologia , Deficiências da Aprendizagem/psicologia , Testes Neuropsicológicos , Adolescente , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Deficiências do Desenvolvimento/etiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Deficiências da Aprendizagem/etiologia , Masculino , Testes Neuropsicológicos/estatística & dados numéricos , Equipe de Assistência ao Paciente , Psicometria , Valores de Referência , Fatores de Risco , Sudoeste dos Estados UnidosRESUMO
In isolated mouse pancreatic acini, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and secretin potentiated amylase release stimulated by cholecystokinin (CCK). VIP (1-100 nM) or secretin (100-1000 nM) alone elicited a negligible secretory response, whereas in combination with CCK, these agents induced a significantly larger response. VIP increased maximal amylase release elicited by CCK without affecting the potency with which CCK stimulated secretion. The phosphodiesterase inhibitor, 3-isobutyl-1-methyl xanthine (IBMX), from 0.03-1.0 mM had effects on secretion similar to those of VIP. VIP, IBMX and 8-Br-cyclic AMP, all of which act through or mimic the action of cyclic AMP, potentiated the secretory response to maximal concentrations of CCK, carbamylcholine and the ionophore A23187, all of which act via intracellular calcium. In contrast to amylase release, stimulation of acinar glucose transport by CCK or carbamylcholine was not augmented by VIP, secretin, IBMX or 8-Br-cyclic AMP. The results indicate that for amylase release from mouse pancreas, secretagogues acting via cyclic AMP potentiate those acting via calcium. However, potentiation does not apply to all biological responses of the pancreatic acinus and each response must be studied individually.