Prevalence and its associated factors of depressive symptoms among Chinese college students during the COVID-19 pandemic.

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic has caused a mental health crisis around the world. The psychological health of college students also faces great challenges. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and the related factors of depressive symptoms among Chinese college students. METHODS: This online cross-sectional survey was conducted via Wenjuanxing platform from March 3-15, 2020 and received 1681 effective questionnaires. Each questionnaire contains the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale, the Multi-Dimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, the Herth Hope Index, and the self-designed items. Multivariable logistic regression was conducted to determine the significantly associated factors of depressive symptoms. RESULTS: The prevalence of depressive symptoms among college students was 56.8%. Sleep problems (OR 2.678, 95%CI 2.094-3.424), family members' going out (OR 1.775, 95%CI 1.089-2.894), perceived more stress for online education (OR 1.642, 95%CI 1.191-2.263), fear of COVID-19 (OR 1.450, 95%CI 1.121-1.876), influence on social interaction (OR 1.354, 95%CI 1.053-1.741) and higher grade (OR 1.378, 95%CI 1.046-1.816) were considered as risk factors of depressive symptoms. Perceived social support (OR 0.354, 95%CI 0.259-0.484), hope (OR 0.052, 95%CI 0.034-0.080), female (OR:0.557, 95%CI 0.427-0.725) and higher monthly disposable income (OR 0.666, 95%CI 0.447-0.993) were identified as protective factors against depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: There was a high prevalence of depressive symptoms among Chinese college students during the COVID-19 pandemic. It is important to find ways to alleviate the pressure and fear of college students, to provide them with more social support, and to help them adapt to the changes in learning style and lifestyle.

Psychological Capital Mediates the Association Between Perceived Organizational Support and Work Engagement Among Chinese Doctors.

Background: As experts studying occupational health psychology know, low level of work engagement leads to higher turnover intentions. Some researchers have put a focus on the association between organizational support and work engagement. However, little has been done concerning the mediating effect of psychological capital (PsyCap) on the association between perceived organizational support (POS) and work engagement (vigor, dedication, absorption) among Chinese doctors. Methods: A cross-sectional study has been carried out from November to December in 2017, in Liaoning Province, China. The questionnaire consists of Survey of Perceived Organizational Support, the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale, Psychological Capital Questionnaire, and demographic and working variables. The self-administered questionnaires were distributed to 1,009 doctors. Effective responses were collected from 836 participants (82.85%). Hierarchical multiple regression and the asymptotic and resampling strategies were used to examine the association between POS and work engagement mediated by PsyCap. Results: After controlling the demographic and working variables, POS was positively related to vigor (ß = 0.402, P < 0.01), dedication (ß = 0.413, P < 0.01), and absorption (ß = 0.373, P < 0.01). Psychological capital was positively associated with vigor (ß = 0.442, P < 0.001), dedication (ß = 0.413, P < 0.001), and absorption (ß = 0.395, P < 0.001). Thus, PsyCap [a × b = 0.1895, bias-corrected and accelerated 95% confidence interval (BCa 95% CI) = 0.1524, 0.2290]; a × b = 0.1517, BCa 95% CI = 0.1180, 0.1875; a × b = 0.1693, BCa 95% CI = 0.1299, 0.2099] significantly mediated the association between POS and vigor, dedication, and absorption, respectively. Conclusion: There was a low level of work engagement among Chinese doctors. Perceived organizational support could indirectly improve vigor, dedication, and absorption, partially through mediator PsyCap. Perceived organizational support intervention, education, and training in PsyCap should be carried out to cope with work engagement.

The Mediating Role of Psychological Capital in the Relationship Between Occupational Stress and Fatigue: A Cross-Sectional Study Among 1,104 Chinese Physicians.

Purpose: This study aimed to explore the association of occupational stress with fatigue and to examine the mediating role of psychological capital (PsyCap) among Chinese physicians. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Liaoning province, China, in 2018. Using a multistage stratified sampling method, a total of 1,500 physicians participated and 1,104 (73.6%) physicians responded effectively. The study used a self-administered questionnaire consisting of the 14-item Fatigue Scale (FS-14), the Effort-reward Imbalance questionnaire (ERI), the Psychological Capital Questionnaire (PCQ) and items about demographic and working characteristics. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses were performed to explore the association of occupational stress, PsyCap, and fatigue among physicians. Asymptotic and resampling strategies were used to examine the mediating effect. Results: The incidence of fatigue among Chinese physicians was 83.70%. The average level of fatigue was 7.96 ± 3.95 (mean ± SD). Occupational stress and PsyCap were significantly associated with fatigue. PsyCap significantly mediated the association of ERR (a × b = 0.106, bias-corrected and accelerated 95% confidence interval [BCa 95% CI]: 0.078, 0.138) and overcommitment (a × b = 0.068, BCa 95% CI: 0.044, 0.092) with fatigue. Two important components of PsyCap, self-efficacy and resilience, play more important roles in the mediating effect. Conclusions: The level of fatigue among Chinese physicians was high, which should be taken seriously by management. PsyCap could mediate the association between occupational stress and fatigue. The intervention strategies and measures to relieve fatigue could be focused on physicians' positive PsyCap improvement.

A Study on the Psychological Factors Affecting the Quality of Life Among Ovarian Cancer Patients in China.

PURPOSE: We aim to test whether resilience mediates the association of fear of progression (FoP) with quality of life (QoL) among ovarian cancer patients in China. METHODS: We collected 230 questionnaires from the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University in Liaoning Province, and 209 completed the questionnaire survey. The survey instrument consisted of four questionnaires: a sociodemographic and clinical characteristics questionnaire, the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy general instrument, the Fear of Progression Questionnaire-Short Form and the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale. Hierarchical regression analysis was used to examine the relationship among FoP, resilience, and QoL, including physical well-being, social well-being, emotional well-being, and functional well-being. We used asymptotic and resampling strategies to examine the indirect effect of resilience. RESULTS: FoP was negatively associated with resilience (r=-0.543, P<0.01) and QoL (physical well-being: r=-0.537, P<0.01; social well-being: r=-0.426, P<0.01; emotional well-being: r=-0.487, P<0.01; functional well-being: r=-0.529, P<0.01). Resilience was positively related with QoL (physical well-being: r=0.449, P<0.01; social well-being: r=0.548, P<0.01; emotional well-being: r=0.430, P<0.01; functional well-being: r=0.655, P<0.01). Resilience partly mediated the association between FoP and physical well-being (a×b=-0.05, BCa 95% CI: -0.09, -0.02), social well-being (a×b=-0.21, BCa 95% CI: -0.29, -0.14), emotional well-being (a×b=-0.05, BCa 95% CI: -0.08, -0.02), and functional well-being (a×b=-0.24, BCa 95% CI: -0.32, -0.17). The proportion of the mediating effect accounted for by resilience were 22.57%, 57.22%, 26.02%, 53.42% for physical well-being, social well-being, emotional well-being and functional well-being, respectively. CONCLUSION: The study showed that resilience could mediate the association between fear of progression and quality of life. It suggests that resilience might provide a potential target for intervention in quality of life with ovarian cancer.

Perceived Organizational Support Associated with Depressive Symptoms Among Petroleum Workers in China: A Cross-Sectional Study.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to explore the association between perceived organizational support (POS) and depressive symptoms, and to further explore whether self-efficacy can act as a moderator between POS and depressive symptoms among Chinese petroleum workers. METHODS: There was a cross-sectional study conducted at a petrochemical enterprise in Liaoning Province, China, from July to August 2018. A series of questionnaires were accomplished by 1836 petroleum workers, including the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), the Survey of Perceived Organizational Support (SPOS), and the General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES). Hierarchical regression analysis was used to examine the relationship of SPOS score, GSES score, and SPOS score×GSES score interaction with CES-D score. A simple slope analysis will be carried out if the interaction has statistical significance. RESULTS: Hierarchical regression analysis showed that SPOS score (ß=-0.538, P<0.01) and GSES score (ß=-0.313, P<0.01) played a main influence on CES-D score. The SPOS score×GSES score interaction term significantly explained an extra 9.7% of the variance (F=253.932, adjusted R 2=0.582, ΔR 2=0.097, P<0.01). The interaction term was positively correlated with CES-D score (ß=0.334, P<0.01). The relationship between SPOS score and CES-D score gradually decreased in the low (1 SD below the mean, ß=-0.589, P<0.01), mean (ß=-0.338, P<0.01), and high (1 SD above the mean, ß=-0.087, P<0.01) groups of GSES score. CONCLUSION: This study showed that POS and self-efficacy played a main influence on depressive symptoms, and the interaction term was positively correlated with depressive symptoms. Self-efficacy could attenuate the association between POS and depressive symptoms. It suggests that appropriate POS and self-efficacy enhancement measures ought to be supplied to relieve depressive symptoms.

The association between resilience, perceived organizational support and fatigue among Chinese doctors: A cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Fatigue influences doctors' physical and mental health seriously, additionally, the topic has received wide attention recently. This study aimed to identify the association among resilience, perceived organizational support (POS) and fatigue, and to further explore whether POS could be a moderator in the association between resilience and fatigue in Chinese doctors. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Liaoning Province in China in 2018. Out of 1000 randomly selected doctors, 866 completed the Chalder Fatigue Scale, the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, Survey of Perceived Organizational Support, and the questions about demographic characteristics and job condition variables. The association among resilience, POS and resilience × POS interaction with physical and mental fatigue were examined by hierarchical multiple regression. Simple slope analysis was conducted to visualize the interaction. RESULTS: The association between resilience and physical fatigue was gradually increased in the low (1 standard deviation [SD] below the mean, ß = -0.127, P< 0.05), mean (ß = -0.292, P < 0.05) and high (1 SD above the mean, ß = -0.457, P < 0.05) groups of POS. Additionally, the association was also different in the low (1 SD below the mean, ß = -0.240, P < 0.01), mean (ß = -0.357, P < 0.01) and high (1 SD above the mean, ß = -0.474, P < 0.01) groups of POS. LIMITATIONS: Due to the cross-sectional design, the study cannot draw any conclusion of causal relationships among study variables. CONCLUSIONS: POS could moderate the association among resilience, physical and mental fatigue. More interventions related to resilience and POS will be helpful to alleviate fatigue among Chinese doctors.

The mediating role of psychological capital on the association between workplace violence and professional identity among Chinese doctors: a cross-sectional study.

Background: Workplace violence (WPV) and psychological capital (PsyCap) are linked to professional identity, however, little research has examined how WPV is associated with professional identity via PsyCap. This study is aimed to examine the association between WPV and professional identity, and to further explore whether PsyCap can serve as a mediator between WPV and professional identity among Chinese doctors. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from November to December in Liaoning Province in China, in 2017. The study used a questionnaire consisting of Workplace Violence Scale (WVS), Occupational Identity Scale (OIS), Psychological Capital Questionnaire (PCQ), as well as questions about demographic characteristics. Out of 1200 doctors, 995 (effective response rate of 82.92%) completed the questionnaire survey and became our final subjects. Hierarchical multiple regression and the asymptotic and resampling strategies were conducted to explore the mediating role of PsyCap in the relationship between WPV and professional identity. Results: After adjusting for demographic characteristics, WPV was negatively associated with professional identity (ß=-0.37; P<0.01). Mediation analysis indicated that PsyCap was a mediator in the relationship between WPV and professional identity. Two dimensions of PsyCap: self-efficacy (a*b =-0.04, BCa 95% CI: (-0.08, -0.01); P<0.01) and hope (a*b =-0.04, BCa 95% CI: (-0.08, -0.01); P<0.01) also did exhibit mediating effects in the relationship between WPV and professional identity. The proportion of self-efficacy, hope and PsyCap mediation was 10.73%, 10.77%, 36.22% for professional identity respectively. Conclusion: These results provided evidence that PsyCap could mediate the association between WPV and professional identity. To increase the level of professional identity, positive interventions targeting PsyCap should be taken, with a focus on self-efficacy and hope.

Factors associated with life satisfaction among married women in rural China: a cross-sectional study based on large-scale samples.

PURPOSE: The living environment in rural China may predispose individuals there to low life satisfaction (LS). This study aims to evaluate factors that affect LS among married women in rural China. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted in rural Liaoning Province in China, in 2015. Out of 3,900 married women, 3,385 (86.8%) completed a questionnaire survey. LS was assessed using the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), with 35 as the maximal possible score. Stress (quantified by the Perceived Stress Scale [PSS]), resilience (assessed by the Ego-Resiliency Scale [ERS]), and demographic and living/health conditions factors were collected through self-reported questionnaires. Hierarchical multiple regression and structural equation modeling were used to explore the contributing and mediating factors related to LS. RESULTS: The overall LS score was 18.94±4.96. A younger age, lower monthly income, presence of chronic diseases, left-behind status, and sense of marriage insecurity were negatively associated with LS. Perceived stress was a strong predictor of LS, as it explained 19.7% of the variance. Higher levels of resilience were related to higher levels of LS, explaining 15.4% of the variance. Resilience partially mediated the relationship between stress and LS for rural residents in China. CONCLUSION: Overall, married women living in rural China experienced a relatively low level of LS. The construction of additional recreational facilities, provision of convenient access to medical information, facilitation of communication between couples, reduction of stress, and development of resilience could all be beneficial intervention strategies to improve LS for these rural residents.