Nuclear-Targeted Nanostrategy Regulates Spatiotemporal Communication for Dual Antitumor Immunity.

Intercellular communication between tumor cells and immune cells regulates tumor progression including positive communication with immune activation and negative communication with immune escape. An increasing number of methods are employed to suppress the dominant negative communication in tumors such as PD-L1/PD-1. However, how to effectively improve positive communication is still a challenge. In this study, a nuclear-targeted photodynamic nanostrategy is developed to establish positive spatiotemporal communication, further activating dual antitumor immunity, namely innate and adaptative immunity. The mSiO2 -Ion@Ce6-NLS nanoparticles (NPs) are designed, whose surface is modified by ionic liquid silicon (Ion) and nuclear localization signal peptide (NLS: PKKKRKV), and their pores are loaded with the photosensitizer hydrogen chloride e6 (Ce6). Ion-modified NPs enhance intratumoral enrichment, and NLS-modified NPs exhibit nuclear-targeted characteristics to achieve nuclear-targeted photodynamic therapy (nPDT). mSiO2 -Ion@Ce6-NLS with nPDT facilitate the release of damaged double-stranded DNA from tumor cells to activate macrophages via stimulator of interferon gene signaling and induce the immunogenic cell death of tumor cells to activate dendritic cells via "eat me" signals, ultimately leading to the recruitment of CD8+ T-cells. This therapy effectively strengthens positive communication to reshape the dual antitumor immune microenvironment, further inducing long-term immune memory, and eventually inhibiting tumor growth and recurrence.

Golgi Apparatus-Targeted Photodynamic Therapy for Enhancing Tumor Immunogenicity by Eliciting NLRP3 Protein-Dependent Pyroptosis.

Innate and adaptive immunity is important for initiating and maintaining immune function. The nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome serves as a checkpoint in innate and adaptive immunity, promoting the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and gasdermin D-mediated pyroptosis. As a highly inflammatory form of cell death distinct from apoptosis, pyroptosis can trigger immunogenic cell death and promote systemic immune responses in solid tumors. Previous studies proposed that NLRP3 was activated by translocation to the mitochondria. However, a recent authoritative study has challenged this model and proved that the Golgi apparatus might be a prerequisite for the activation of NLRP3. In this study, we first developed a Golgi apparatus-targeted photodynamic strategy to induce the activation of NLRP3 by precisely locating organelles. We found that Golgi apparatus-targeted photodynamic therapy could significantly upregulate NLRP3 expression to promote the subsequent release of intracellular proinflammatory contents such as IL-1ß or IL-18, creating an inflammatory storm to enhance innate immunity. Moreover, this acute NLRP3 upregulation also activated its downstream classical caspase-1-dependent pyroptosis to enhance tumor immunogenicity, triggering adaptive immunity. Pyroptosis eventually led to immunogenic cell death, promoted the maturation of dendritic cells, and effectively activated antitumor immunity and long-lived immune memory. Overall, this Golgi apparatus-targeted strategy provided molecular insights into the occurrence of immunogenic pyroptosis and offered a platform to remodel the tumor microenvironment.

Enhanced efficacy of CTLA-4 fusion anti-caries DNA vaccines in gnotobiotic hamsters.

AIM: To evaluate the comparative immunogenicity and protective efficacy of the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) fusion anti-caries DNA vaccines pGJA-P/VAX1, pGJA-P, and non-fusion anti-caries DNA construct pGLUA-P in hamsters. In addition, the ability of CTLA-4 to target pGJA-P/VAX1-encoding antigen to dendritic cells was tested in vitro. METHODS: All DNA constructs contain genes encoding the A-P regions of a cell surface protein (PAc) and the glucan binding (GLU) domain of glucosyltransferases (GTFs) of cariogenic organism Streptococcus mutans. Human dendritic cells were mixed with the CTLA-4-Ig-GLU-A-P protein expressed by pGJA-P/VAX1-transfected cells and analyzed by flow cytometry. Gnotobiotic hamsters were immunized with anti-caries DNA vaccines by intramuscular injection or intranasal administration. Antibody responses to a representative antigen PAc were assayed by ELISA, and caries protection was evaluated by Keyes caries scores. RESULTS: A flow cytometric analysis demonstrated that CTLA-4-Ig-GLU-A-P protein was capable of binding to human dendritic cells. pGJA-P/VAX1 and pGJA-P induced significantly higher specific salivary and serum anti-PAc antibody responses than pGLUA-P. Significantly fewer caries lesions were also observed in hamsters immunized with pGJA-P/VAX1 and pGJA-P. There was no significant difference in the anti-PAc antibody level or caries scores between pGJA-P/VAX1 and pGJA-P-immunized groups. CONCLUSION: Antigen encoded by CTLA-4 fusion anti-caries DNA vaccine pGJA-P/VAX1 could specifically bind to human dendritic cells through the interaction of CTLA-4 and B7 molecules. Fusing antigen to CTLA-4 has been proven to greatly enhance the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of anti-caries DNA vaccines.