Cerebral Aneurysm Characteristics and Surgical Outcomes: An In-Depth Analysis of 346 Cases Operated Using Microsurgical Clipping.

This comprehensive study analyzes 346 surgically treated intracranial aneurysms, emphasizing the importance of understanding risk factors and prevalent characteristics in patients. Intracranial aneurysms, primarily of the saccular or berry type, significantly contribute to nontraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhages and demonstrate a rising incidence due to advances in imaging techniques. The study highlights a gender discrepancy in aneurysm occurrence and a higher prevalence in individuals over 30 years old. The research delves into various aspects, including aneurysm localization, diameter, neck dimensions, and rupture status, with a focus on the anterior communicating artery and middle communicating artery as predominant locations. Significant findings include the prevalence of ruptured aneurysms and the impact of arterial hypertension, atherosclerosis, obesity, and diabetes on aneurysm epidemiology. The study also investigates the occurrence of vasospasm, a significant factor in delayed morbidity and mortality in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. The utilization of the Glasgow Outcome Scale and other quantification scales aids in understanding the severity and postoperative outcomes of intracranial aneurysms. Challenges such as the incidence of reopenings and postoperative osteomyelitis are addressed, underlining the need for refined protocols and multidisciplinary approaches in treatment. The study's results contribute to the existing knowledge base on intracranial aneurysms, emphasizing the importance of ongoing research and tailored treatment strategies. The comprehensive nature of this analysis, covering preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative factors, provides valuable insights into the complex interplay of risk factors and clinical outcomes in patients with intracranial aneurysms.

Correction: Toader et al. Cognitive Crescendo: How Music Shapes the Brain's Structure and Function. Brain Sci. 2023, 13, 1390.

In the original publication [...].

Successful Surgical Treatment of a Giant Intraventricular Meningioma: A Case Report and Literature Review.

In our study, we document the case of a 48-year-old patient who presented at our clinic with various neurological disturbances. Magnetic Resonance Imaging revealed the presence of an intraventricular meningioma located in the body of the left lateral ventricle measuring 60 mm in diameter. This tumor was classified as a giant meningioma, accompanied by a significant amount of digitiform-type edema. A surgical procedure was conducted, resulting in a gross total resection of the tumor. Histopathological analysis identified the tumor as a fibrous meningioma. Postoperative assessments, as well as follow-ups conducted at 3 months and 1 year post-surgery, indicated considerable neurological improvement. The patient exhibited a remission of hemiparesis and gait disturbances along with a marginal improvement in the status of expressive aphasia. This case report underscores the significance of achieving total and safe resection of the tumor and includes an analysis of various cases from the literature, particularly focusing on those that describe minimally invasive surgical approaches and highlight the benefits of radiosurgery in the treatment of giant intraventricular meningiomas.

Mind, Mood and Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis in Psychiatric Disorders.

Psychiatric disorders represent a primary source of disability worldwide, manifesting as disturbances in individuals' cognitive processes, emotional regulation, and behavioral patterns. In the quest to discover novel therapies and expand the boundaries of neuropharmacology, studies from the field have highlighted the gut microbiota's role in modulating these disorders. These alterations may influence the brain's processes through the brain-gut axis, a multifaceted bidirectional system that establishes a connection between the enteric and central nervous systems. Thus, probiotic and prebiotic supplements that are meant to influence overall gut health may play an insightful role in alleviating psychiatric symptoms, such as the cognitive templates of major depressive disorder, anxiety, or schizophrenia. Moreover, the administration of psychotropic drugs has been revealed to induce specific changes in a microbiome's diversity, suggesting their potential utility in combating bacterial infections. This review emphasizes the intricate correlations between psychiatric disorders and the gut microbiota, mentioning the promising approaches in regard to the modulation of probiotic and prebiotic treatments, as well as the antimicrobial effects of psychotropic medication.

Deciphering Glioblastoma: Fundamental and Novel Insights into the Biology and Therapeutic Strategies of Gliomas.

Gliomas constitute a diverse and complex array of tumors within the central nervous system (CNS), characterized by a wide range of prognostic outcomes and responses to therapeutic interventions. This literature review endeavors to conduct a thorough investigation of gliomas, with a particular emphasis on glioblastoma (GBM), beginning with their classification and epidemiological characteristics, evaluating their relative importance within the CNS tumor spectrum. We examine the immunological context of gliomas, unveiling the intricate immune environment and its ramifications for disease progression and therapeutic strategies. Moreover, we accentuate critical developments in understanding tumor behavior, focusing on recent research breakthroughs in treatment responses and the elucidation of cellular signaling pathways. Analyzing the most novel transcriptomic studies, we investigate the variations in gene expression patterns in glioma cells, assessing the prognostic and therapeutic implications of these genetic alterations. Furthermore, the role of epigenetic modifications in the pathogenesis of gliomas is underscored, suggesting that such changes are fundamental to tumor evolution and possible therapeutic advancements. In the end, this comparative oncological analysis situates GBM within the wider context of neoplasms, delineating both distinct and shared characteristics with other types of tumors.

Extensive Intracranial Meningioma With Dehiscences: A Case Report.

This case report elucidates the clinical and surgical journey of a 62-year-old patient with a history of multiple comorbidities including a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS­CoV­2) infection, presenting with temporospatial disorientation, bradypsychia, and bradyphasia, without motor deficits, diagnosed with sarcomatous meningioma and skull lysis. Amidst the complexities of managing primary brain tumors, this report underscores the significance of thorough morphopathological examination, while considering patient demographics and tumor localization in assessing the nature of the neoplasm. It highlights meningiomas as predominantly benign yet stemming from monoclonal proliferation, with their occurrence influenced by genetic predispositions and environmental factors such as ionizing radiation exposure. The intricate case details multiple surgical interventions necessitated by complications such as wound dehiscence and cerebrospinal fluid leaks, managed successfully through a tailored neurosurgical approach and meticulous postoperative care. This narrative reinforces the pivotal role of interdisciplinary collaboration, with substantial contributions from radiology, anesthesiology, intensive care, cardiology, infectious disease, and rehabilitation medicine in achieving favorable outcomes. The discussion contextualizes the patient's condition within the broader neurosurgical literature, reflecting on the prognostic factors associated with giant meningiomas and the impact of factors like age and tumor location on resection outcomes. The case also delves into the efficacy of Gamma Knife radiosurgery in long-term tumor control, drawing on retrospective analyses. In conclusion, the case report advocates for a nuanced, individualized treatment, where the integration of multiple disciplines and responsive management of postoperative complications is critical to patient recovery. The successful resolution of this patient's condition exemplifies the quintessential nature of interdisciplinary collaboration and highlights the potential for optimizing neurosurgical protocols in the context of complex patient profiles.

Intraventricular Subependymoma With Obstructive Hydrocephalus: A Case Report and Literature Review.

Subependymomas are benign tumors of the ventricles that grow from the ventricular wall into the cerebrospinal fluid spaces within the brain, obstructing the flow of the cerebrospinal fluid and causing obstructive hydrocephalus. It is estimated that ependymomas represent between 0.2% and 0.7% of all intracranial tumors. They arise most frequently in the fourth ventricle (50-60%) and the lateral ventricles (30-40%). We present the case of a 50-year-old patient, previously diagnosed with an intraventricular process, admitted in our clinic. At neurological examination, the patient was cooperative, bradylalic, and bradypsychic, with right hemiparesis, postural and balance disorders, and occasionally sphincteric incontinence. MRI with contrast described a left intraventricular tumor, in the frontal horn of the left lateral ventricle with homogeneous appearance, with a maximum diameter of 50 mm and base of insertion at the adjacent ependyma of the foramen of Monro, which determined obstructive hydrocephalus. Total resection of the left intraventricular cerebral tumor was achieved. Histopathological analysis revealed a subependymoma. Postoperative recovery was slowly favorable, with significant neurological improvement. At neurological examination at three-month follow-up, the patient's right hemiparesis and unsystematized balance disorders improved. A contrast-enhanced CT scan was performed, highlighting left frontal sequelae hypodensity corresponding to the operated tumor, enlarged left lateral ventricle without active hydrocephalus, and no sign of tumor recurrence. At six-month follow-up, clinico-radiologic findings coincide with those from three-month follow-up. Subependymomas are slow-growing (grade 1) tumors and generally have a favorable prognosis. Unfortunately, due to their anatomical level, multiple complications can arise, caused from obstructive hydrocephalus complications, such as cognitive dysfunction and incontinence. Tumor resection should be complete, a successful operation being a challenge for every neurosurgeon.

Case Study of a Complex Neurovascular Disorder: Choroidal Arteriovenous Malformation.

This study conducts an in-depth analysis of the management of a complex arteriovenous malformation (AVM) in a 44-year-old individual, who initially manifested with acute left hemiparesis and progressively declined into a comatose state. Diagnostic neuroimaging identified a substantial right fronto-temporal intraparenchymal hematoma via a CT scan. Cerebral angiography further elucidated a choroidal AVM originating from the anterior choroidal artery, accompanied by intranidal aneurysms. The elected treatment strategy was the surgical excision of the AVM. The procedure achieved complete removal of the intracranial AVM, situated in a neurologically sensitive region, leading to notable neurological recovery. This study thoroughly explores and critically evaluates a wide spectrum of treatment approaches for intracranial arteriovenous malformations, including novel endovascular therapies. Despite extensive discourse on AVM in contemporary literature, this report is among the few documenting the treatment of a choroidal AVM via a microsurgical technique, and highlights various therapeutic options.

COVID-19-Associated Rhino-Orbital Mucormycosis: Histological and Electron Microscopy Characteristics.

COVID-19-associated rhino-orbital mucormycosis has become a new clinical entity. This study's aim was to evaluate the histopathological and ultramicroscopic morphological aspects of this fungal infection. This was an observational retrospective study on eight patients from three tertiary centers in Romania. The tissue samples collected during functional endoscopic sinus surgery were studied through histopathological examination, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. In the histopathological examination, the morphological aspects characteristic of mucormycosis in all cases were identified: wide aseptate hyphae with right-angle ramifications, which invade blood vessels. One case presented perineural invasion into the perineural lymphatics. And in another case, mucormycosis-aspergillosis fungal coinfection was identified. Through scanning electron microscopy, long hyphae on the surface of the mucosa surrounded by cells belonging to the local immune system were identified in all samples, and bacterial biofilms were identified in half of the samples. Through transmission electron microscopy, aseptate hyphae and bacterial elements were identified in the majority of the samples. Rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis associated with COVID-19 produces nasal sinus dysbiosis, which favors the appearance of bacterial biofilms. The way in which the infection develops depends on the interaction of the fungi with cells of the immune system.

Decoding Chiari Malformation and Syringomyelia: From Epidemiology and Genetics to Advanced Diagnosis and Management Strategies.

Chiari Malformation and Syringomyelia are neurosurgical entities that have been the subject of extensive research and clinical interest. Globally prevalent, these disorders vary demographically and have witnessed evolving temporal trends. Chiari Malformation impacts the normal cerebrospinal fluid flow, consequently affecting overall health. Key observations from canine studies offer pivotal insights into the pathogenesis of Syringomyelia and its extrapolation to human manifestations. Genetics plays a pivotal role; contemporary knowledge identifies specific genes, illuminating avenues for future exploration. Clinically, these disorders present distinct phenotypes. Diagnostically, while traditional methods have stood the test of time, innovative neurophysiological techniques are revolutionizing early detection and management. Neuroradiology, a cornerstone in diagnosis, follows defined criteria. Advanced imaging techniques are amplifying diagnostic precision. In therapeutic realms, surgery remains primary. For Chiari 1 Malformation, surgical outcomes vary based on the presence of Syringomyelia. Isolated Syringomyelia demands a unique surgical approach, the effectiveness of which is continually being optimized. Post-operative long-term prognosis and quality of life measures are crucial in assessing intervention success. In conclusion, this review amalgamates existing knowledge, paving the way for future research and enhanced clinical strategies in the management of Chiari Malformation and Syringomyelia.

Low-Grade Gliomas: Histological Subtypes, Molecular Mechanisms, and Treatment Strategies.

Low-Grade Gliomas (LGGs) represent a diverse group of brain tumors originating from glial cells, characterized by their unique histopathological and molecular features. This article offers a comprehensive exploration of LGGs, shedding light on their subtypes, histological and molecular aspects. By delving into the World Health Organization's grading system, 5th edition, various specificities were added due to an in-depth understanding of emerging laboratory techniques, especially genomic analysis. Moreover, treatment modalities are extensively discussed. The degree of surgical resection should always be considered according to postoperative quality of life and cognitive status. Adjuvant therapies focused on chemotherapy and radiotherapy depend on tumor grading and invasiveness. In the current literature, emerging targeted molecular therapies are well discussed due to their succinctly therapeutic effect; in our article, those therapies are summarized based on posttreatment results and possible adverse effects. This review serves as a valuable resource for clinicians, researchers, and medical professionals aiming to deepen their knowledge on LGGs and enhance patient care.

An Update on the Superior Cerebellar Artery Origin Type.

Background and Objectives: The microanatomy of the superior cerebellar artery (SCA) is clinically significant. We, thus, aimed at patterning unilateral and bilateral possibilities of SCA origin. Materials and Methods: In total, 205 archived records of computed tomography and magnetic resonance angiograms were used. There were defined types of SCA origin from the basilar artery (BA): "0"-absent SCA, "1"-preterminal, "2"-collateral SCA, with SCA appearing as a terminal branch of BA, and "3"-SCA from the posterior cerebral artery (PCA) of the cerebral type. Fenestrations and duplications of SCA were recorded. Bilateral combinations of types were recorded as follows: A (1 + 0), B (1 + 1), C (1 + 2), D (1 + 3), E (1 + duplicated SCA), F (2 + 2), G (2 + 3), H (3 + 3), I (3 + duplicated SCA), J (1 + fenestrated SCA). Results: Type 0 SCAs were found in 0.25%, type 1 in 71.29%, type 2 in 19.06%, and type 3 in 9.41%. Absent and fenestrated SCAs were each found in a single case. The most frequent combinations were B (58.05%), C (13.17%) and F (13.17%). Bilateral symmetrical types occurred in 70.7% of cases. Fetal types of PCA and the artery of Percheron modified the BA ends. Combinations of C, F, and G changed the BA ends or tips; thus, different subtypes resulted in five BA bifurcation patterns, including five BA trifurcations and one BA quadrifurcation. BA trifurcation was also found in cases with duplicated SCAs. Conclusions: The SCA has various anatomical possibilities of origin and bilateral combinations that are not presented in anatomical lectures. Details on the specific end of the BA should be gathered on a case-by-case basis.

From Recognition to Remedy: The Significance of Biomarkers in Neurodegenerative Disease Pathology.

With the inexorable aging of the global populace, neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) like Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) pose escalating challenges, which are underscored by their socioeconomic repercussions. A pivotal aspect in addressing these challenges lies in the elucidation and application of biomarkers for timely diagnosis, vigilant monitoring, and effective treatment modalities. This review delineates the quintessence of biomarkers in the realm of NDs, elucidating various classifications and their indispensable roles. Particularly, the quest for novel biomarkers in AD, transcending traditional markers in PD, and the frontier of biomarker research in ALS are scrutinized. Emergent susceptibility and trait markers herald a new era of personalized medicine, promising enhanced treatment initiation especially in cases of SOD1-ALS. The discourse extends to diagnostic and state markers, revolutionizing early detection and monitoring, alongside progression markers that unveil the trajectory of NDs, propelling forward the potential for tailored interventions. The synergy between burgeoning technologies and innovative techniques like -omics, histologic assessments, and imaging is spotlighted, underscoring their pivotal roles in biomarker discovery. Reflecting on the progress hitherto, the review underscores the exigent need for multidisciplinary collaborations to surmount the challenges ahead, accelerate biomarker discovery, and herald a new epoch of understanding and managing NDs. Through a panoramic lens, this article endeavors to provide a comprehensive insight into the burgeoning field of biomarkers in NDs, spotlighting the promise they hold in transforming the diagnostic landscape, enhancing disease management, and illuminating the pathway toward efficacious therapeutic interventions.

Unraveling the Multifaceted Role of the Golgi Apparatus: Insights into Neuronal Plasticity, Development, Neurogenesis, Alzheimer's Disease, and SARS-CoV-2 Interactions.

This article critically evaluates the multifunctional role of the Golgi apparatus within neurological paradigms. We succinctly highlight its influence on neuronal plasticity, development, and the vital trafficking and sorting mechanisms for proteins and lipids. The discourse further navigates to its regulatory prominence in neurogenesis and its implications in Alzheimer's Disease pathogenesis. The emerging nexus between the Golgi apparatus and SARS-CoV-2 underscores its potential in viral replication processes. This consolidation accentuates the Golgi apparatus's centrality in neurobiology and its intersections with both neurodegenerative and viral pathologies. In essence, understanding the Golgi's multifaceted functions harbors profound implications for future therapeutic innovations in neurological and viral afflictions.

Cognitive Crescendo: How Music Shapes the Brain's Structure and Function.

Music is a complex phenomenon with multiple brain areas and neural connections being implicated. Centuries ago, music was discovered as an efficient modality for psychological status enrichment and even for the treatment of multiple pathologies. Modern research investigations give a new avenue for music perception and the understanding of the underlying neurological mechanisms, using neuroimaging, especially magnetic resonance imaging. Multiple brain areas were depicted in the last decades as being of high value for music processing, and further analyses in the neuropsychology field uncover the implications in emotional and cognitive activities. Music listening improves cognitive functions such as memory, attention span, and behavioral augmentation. In rehabilitation, music-based therapies have a high rate of success for the treatment of depression and anxiety and even in neurological disorders such as regaining the body integrity after a stroke episode. Our review focused on the neurological and psychological implications of music, as well as presenting the significant clinical relevance of therapies using music.

The Surgical Odyssey: Romania's Contributions to Pituitary Gland Procedures.

The pituitary gland, a puzzling medical subject up until the 20th century, had its early pathologies first documented in the 19th century by Pierre Marie and Hutchinson, where the gland's meaningful study was hindered by its hard-to-reach location. This paper revisits the pioneering work of Romanian doctors such as Gheorghe Marinescu, Nicolae Paulescu, and Grigore T. Popa in surgical techniques targeting the pituitary gland. Marinescu's 1892 experiment, albeit unsuccessful, laid the groundwork for future research in this area. Before Paulescu, surgical attempts could be classified into three types: oral, cranial, and sphenopalatine fossa approaches-all of which were notably dangerous and often resulted in fatal bleeding. Paulescu was the first to successfully and safely perform a complete in vivo hypophysectomy, opting for an innovative subtemporal method. He also conducted extensive research over four years to identify the gland's essential functions. Later, a 1938 study by Popa and Harris demonstrated a temporal approach to the hypothalamo-hypophysial region in a rabbit. These groundbreaking contributions significantly influenced the trajectory of pituitary gland surgery.

Intracranial Aneurysms and Genetics: An Extensive Overview of Genomic Variations, Underlying Molecular Dynamics, Inflammatory Indicators, and Forward-Looking Insights.

This review initiates by outlining the clinical relevance of IA, underlining the pressing need to comprehend its foundational elements. We delve into the assorted risk factors tied to IA, spotlighting both environmental and genetic influences. Additionally, we illuminate distinct genetic syndromes linked to a pronounced prevalence of intracranial aneurysms, underscoring the pivotal nature of genetics in this ailment's susceptibility. A detailed scrutiny of genome-wide association studies allows us to identify key genomic changes and locations associated with IA risk. We further detail the molecular and physiopathological dynamics instrumental in IA's evolution and escalation, with a focus on inflammation's role in affecting the vascular landscape. Wrapping up, we offer a glimpse into upcoming research directions and the promising horizons of personalized therapeutic strategies in IA intervention, emphasizing the central role of genetic insights. This thorough review solidifies genetics' cardinal role in IA, positioning it as a cornerstone resource for professionals in the realms of neurology and genomics.

Frontiers of Cranial Base Surgery: Integrating Technique, Technology, and Teamwork for the Future of Neurosurgery.

The landscape of cranial base surgery has undergone monumental transformations over the past several decades. This article serves as a comprehensive survey, detailing both the historical and current techniques and technologies that have propelled this field into an era of unprecedented capabilities and sophistication. In the prologue, we traverse the historical evolution from rudimentary interventions to the state-of-the-art neurosurgical methodologies that define today's practice. Subsequent sections delve into the anatomical complexities of the anterior, middle, and posterior cranial fossa, shedding light on the intricacies that dictate surgical approaches. In a section dedicated to advanced techniques and modalities, we explore cutting-edge evolutions in minimally invasive procedures, pituitary surgery, and cranial base reconstruction. Here, we highlight the seamless integration of endocrinology, biomaterial science, and engineering into neurosurgical craftsmanship. The article emphasizes the paradigm shift towards "Functionally" Guided Surgery facilitated by intraoperative neuromonitoring. We explore its historical origins, current technologies, and its invaluable role in tailoring surgical interventions across diverse pathologies. Additionally, the digital era's contributions to cranial base surgery are examined. This includes breakthroughs in endoscopic technology, robotics, augmented reality, and the potential of machine learning and AI-assisted diagnostic and surgical planning. The discussion extends to radiosurgery and radiotherapy, focusing on the harmonization of precision and efficacy through advanced modalities such as Gamma Knife and CyberKnife. The article also evaluates newer protocols that optimize tumor control while preserving neural structures. In acknowledging the holistic nature of cranial base surgery, we advocate for an interdisciplinary approach. The ecosystem of this surgical field is presented as an amalgamation of various medical disciplines, including neurology, radiology, oncology, and rehabilitation, and is further enriched by insights from patient narratives and quality-of-life metrics. The epilogue contemplates future challenges and opportunities, pinpointing potential breakthroughs in stem cell research, regenerative medicine, and genomic tailoring. Ultimately, the article reaffirms the ethos of continuous learning, global collaboration, and patient-first principles, projecting an optimistic trajectory for the field of cranial base surgery in the coming decade.

Integrative Approaches in Acute Ischemic Stroke: From Symptom Recognition to Future Innovations.

Among the high prevalence of cerebrovascular diseases nowadays, acute ischemic stroke stands out, representing a significant worldwide health issue with important socio-economic implications. Prompt diagnosis and intervention are important milestones for the management of this multifaceted pathology, making understanding the various stroke-onset symptoms crucial. A key role in acute ischemic stroke management is emphasizing the essential role of a multi-disciplinary team, therefore, increasing the efficiency of recognition and treatment. Neuroimaging and neuroradiology have evolved dramatically over the years, with multiple approaches that provide a higher understanding of the morphological aspects as well as timely recognition of cerebral artery occlusions for effective therapy planning. Regarding the treatment matter, the pharmacological approach, particularly fibrinolytic therapy, has its merits and challenges. Endovascular thrombectomy, a game-changer in stroke management, has witnessed significant advances, with technologies like stent retrievers and aspiration catheters playing pivotal roles. For select patients, combining pharmacological and endovascular strategies offers evidence-backed benefits. The aim of our comprehensive study on acute ischemic stroke is to efficiently compare the current therapies, recognize novel possibilities from the literature, and describe the state of the art in the interdisciplinary approach to acute ischemic stroke. As we aspire for holistic patient management, the emphasis is not just on medical intervention but also on physical therapy, mental health, and community engagement. The future holds promising innovations, with artificial intelligence poised to reshape stroke diagnostics and treatments. Bridging the gap between groundbreaking research and clinical practice remains a challenge, urging continuous collaboration and research.

Cannabinoids in Medicine: A Multifaceted Exploration of Types, Therapeutic Applications, and Emerging Opportunities in Neurodegenerative Diseases and Cancer Therapy.

In this review article, we embark on a thorough exploration of cannabinoids, compounds that have garnered considerable attention for their potential therapeutic applications. Initially, this article delves into the fundamental background of cannabinoids, emphasizing the role of endogenous cannabinoids in the human body and outlining their significance in studying neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. Building on this foundation, this article categorizes cannabinoids into three main types: phytocannabinoids (plant-derived cannabinoids), endocannabinoids (naturally occurring in the body), and synthetic cannabinoids (laboratory-produced cannabinoids). The intricate mechanisms through which these compounds interact with cannabinoid receptors and signaling pathways are elucidated. A comprehensive overview of cannabinoid pharmacology follows, highlighting their absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion, as well as their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties. Special emphasis is placed on the role of cannabinoids in neurodegenerative diseases, showcasing their potential benefits in conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and multiple sclerosis. The potential antitumor properties of cannabinoids are also investigated, exploring their potential therapeutic applications in cancer treatment and the mechanisms underlying their anticancer effects. Clinical aspects are thoroughly discussed, from the viability of cannabinoids as therapeutic agents to current clinical trials, safety considerations, and the adverse effects observed. This review culminates in a discussion of promising future research avenues and the broader implications for cannabinoid-based therapies, concluding with a reflection on the immense potential of cannabinoids in modern medicine.