A cross-sectional study of cryptorchidism in children: testicular volume and hormonal function at 18 years of age.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the relationship between unilateral or bilateral criptorchidism, patient age, primary location of the gonad and modality of treatment with testicular volume and hormonal status at 18 years in patients diagnosed and treated for cryptorchidism during childhood. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Testicular volume, LH, FSH, and testosterone were evaluated in 143 young men at 18 years treated in childhood for unilateral (n=103) or bilateral (n=40) cryptorchidism. RESULTS: Unilateral cryptorchidism: Location of testis was prescrotal in 36 patients, inguinal in 52 and non-palpable in 15. The mean volume was 9.7 mL compared to 16.2 L. for the spontaneously descended testicle in unilateral cryptorchidism. However, 22 patients who received HCG had a significantly bigger testis (11.8 mL.) than those treated with primary surgery (9.2 mL). The results showed a significant positive correlation between testicular volume and patient age at treatment. Bilateral cryptorchidism: Location of testis was prescrotal in 34 cases, inguinal in 40 and 6 patients with non-palpable testicles. Mean volume at 18 years was 12.9 mL, greater than unilateral cryptorchid testis (9.7 mL) but smaller than healthy contralateral in unilateral cases (16.2 mL). There were significant differences in the testicular growth for bilateral patients with testicular descent after being treated with HCG (14.4 mL) in respect with those untreated (11.1 mL) or those who underwent primary surgery (11.4 mL). There was a significant positive correlation between the testicular volume and palpable (12.4 mL) or non-palpable testis (10.4 mL). There was a correlation between unilateral or bilateral cryptorchidism and levels of FSH. CONCLUSIONS: Testicular volume and hormonal function at 18 years for patients diagnosed and treated for cryptorchidism during childhood are strongly influenced by whether the undescended testis was unilateral or bilateral. Location of the testes at diagnosis or age of initial treatment exerts no definite effect on testicular volume improvement r hormonal levels at 18 years of age.

A cross-sectional study of cryptorchidism in children: testicular volume and hormonal function at 18 years of age

Purpose To evaluate the relationship between unilateral or bilateral criptorchidism, patient age, primary location of the gonad and modality of treatment with testicular volume and hormonal status at 18 years in patients diagnosed and treated for cryptorchidism during childhood. Materials and Methods Testicular volume, LH, FSH, and testosterone were evaluated in 143 young men at 18 years treated in childhood for unilateral (n=103) or bilateral (n=40) cryptorchidism. Results Unilateral cryptorchidism: Location of testis was prescrotal in 36 patients, inguinal in 52 and non-palpable in 15. The mean volume was 9.7 mL compared to 16.2 mL. for the spontaneously descended testicle in unilateral cryptorchidism. However, 22 patients who received HCG had a significantly bigger testis (11.8 mL.) than those treated with primary surgery (9.2 mL). The results showed a significant positive correlation between testicular volume and patient age at treatment. Bilateral cryptorchidism Location of testis was prescrotal in 34 cases, inguinal in 40 and 6 patients with non-palpable testicles. Mean volume at 18 years was 12.9 mL, greater than unilateral cryptorchid testis (9.7 mL) but smaller than healthy contralateral in unilateral cases (16.2 mL). There were significant differences in the testicular growth for bilateral patients with testicular descent after being treated with HCG (14.4 mL) in respect with those untreated (11.1 mL) or those who underwent primary surgery (11.4 mL). There was a significant positive correlation between the testicular volume and palpable (12.4 mL) or non-palpable testis (10.4 mL). There was a correlation between unilateral or bilateral cryptorchidism and levels of FSH. Conclusions Testicular volume and hormonal function at 18 years for patients diagnosed and treated for cryptorchidism during childhood are strongly influenced by whether the undescended testis was unilateral or bilateral. Location of the testes at diagnosis or ...

La obesidad en la pandemia de la hipovitaminosis D / Obesity in the pandemic of hypovitaminosis D

No disponible

Relevance of herniography for accurate diagnosis of patent processus vaginalis in cryptorchidism.

OBJECTIVE: To clarify the role of peritoneography in assessing the patency of processus vaginalis (PV) in pediatric patients diagnosed with cryptorchidism. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We designed a prospective clinical trial to evaluate the patency of PV in boys presenting cryptorchidism. Herniography was performed in 310 prepubertal boys. Data about the morphology of PV was compared with operative findings in those surgically treated patients. Retractile and ectopic testes were excluded from the study. RESULTS: Of the 376 undescended testes (310 patients), 281 cases were associated with an obliterated PV. Herniography revealed 95 cases of open PV in cryptorchid boys. The 244 normally descended testes had associated patent processus vaginalis in only 31 cases. CONCLUSIONS: Herniography is the most relevant procedure for accurate diagnosis of persistent PV. The persistence of PV was significantly more frequent when the position of the testes is more cranial. The incidence of an open PV decreases with age.

Relevance of herniography for accurate diagnosis of patent processus vaginalis in cryptorchidism

OBJECTIVE: To clarify the role of peritoneography in assessing the patency of processus vaginalis (PV) in pediatric patients diagnosed with cryptorchidism. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We designed a prospective clinical trial to evaluate the patency of PV in boys presenting cryptorchidism. Herniography was performed in 310 prepubertal boys. Data about the morphology of PV was compared with operative findings in those surgically treated patients. Retractile and ectopic testes were excluded from the study. RESULTS: Of the 376 undescended testes (310 patients), 281 cases were associated with an obliterated PV. Herniography revealed 95 cases of open PV in cryptorchid boys. The 244 normally descended testes had associated patent processus vaginalis in only 31 cases. CONCLUSIONS: Herniography is the most relevant procedure for accurate diagnosis of persistent PV. The persistence of PV was significantly more frequent when the position of the testes is more cranial. The incidence of an open PV decreases with age.

Productos lácteos fermentados / No disponible

Los productos lácteos fermentados forman parte de las recomendaciones y guías de una alimentación saludable. No solo aportan macro y micronutrientes y una mayor biodisponibilidad de éstos, sino que contienen bacterias que favorecen una microbiota adecuada para la salud. A las bacterias clásicas empleadas en la elaboración de productos lácteos fermentados se ha incorporado recientemente en muchos de ellos bacterias probióticas, que actúan en la flora intestinal, desplazando a los patógenos, produciendo sustancias e interviniendo posiblemente sobre los mecanismos de la inmunomodulación. En consecuencia, la incorporación de su consumo a la dieta de la familia y desde los primeros años de vida del niño es recomendable (AU)

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Epidemiología y factores de riesgo de la obesidad enEspaña y otros países desarrollados / Epidemiology and risk factors of obesity in Spain and other developed countries

La Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) considera a la obesidad como la epidemia global, que afecta a los países desarrollados, sino también a los "en transición" y "en desarrollo". En los últimos 20 años se ha duplicado su prevalencia y los niños y adolescentes presentan el mayor incremento. Dentro de los factores de riesgo, además de la existencia de unos períodos cronobiológicos críticos para el desarrollo de la obesidad adquiere gran protagonismo el ambiente obesogénico, tanto por el descenso de la actividad física (TV, TICs) como por el abandono de los patrones tradicionales de la dieta mediterránea-atlántica. Las estrategias de prevención de la obesidad en niños deben establecerse en la escuela y la familia, las dos instituciones con más influencia en este período de la vida (AU)

Estrategias para la prevención y tratamiento del exceso de pesoy la obesidad / No disponible

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Alimentos funcionales. Su papel en la nutrición preventiva y curativa / Functional foods. Their role in preventive and curative nutrition

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[Obesity, an emerging problem in pediatrics. Inaugural Conference of the Eight National Congress of the Nutrition Spanish Society, Murcia, October 24-27, 2001]. / La obesidad, un problema emergente en pediatría. Conferencia inaugural del VIII Congreso Nacional de la Sociedad Española de Nutrición, Murcia, 24-27 de octubre de 2001.

Obesity in children and adolescents is a public health problem on the increase and is the most prevalent metabolic and nutritional disorder in developed countries. As a major non-transmissible disease, obesity has taken on epidemic proportions in developed countries and displaced malnutrition and infections as a major cause of deterioration in health and quality of life. Obesity has thus become one of the great health issues of the 21st century. The WHO recently declared obesity to be a new worldwide syndrome as it not only has a high prevalence in developed countries but also in the so-called emerging economies, the "newly westernized" or "Coca-Colanized" countries as in the case of China, Brazil and Eastern European states where obesity exists alongside malnutrition, as well as in under-developed countries where the prevalence is increasing among the better-off segments of the population.

La obesidad, un problema emergente en pediatría. Conferencia inaugural del VIII Congreso Nacional de la Sociedad Española de Nutrición, Murcia, 24-27 de octubre de 2001 / Obesity, an emerging problem in paediatrics. Inaugural Conference of the Eight National Congress of the Nutrition Spanish Society, Murcia, October 24-27, 2001

La obesidad en niños y adolescentes es un problema emergente de salud pública, el trastorno nutricional y metabólico más prevalente en los países desarrollados. La obesidad, principal enfermedad no comunicable, ha alcanzado proporciones epidémicas en los países desarrollados y sustituye a la desnutrición y las infecciones como una causa principal de afectación de la salud y calidad de vida. La obesidad se convierte así en uno de los grandes problemas de salud del siglo XXI. Recientemente, la OMS considera la obesidad como el nuevo síndrome mundial, ya que no sólo tiene alta prevalencia en los países desarrollados, sino que también es emergente en los países en transición al desarrollo, los denominados nuevos países occidentalizados o coca-colonizados, como es el caso de China, Brasil y los países del Este de Europa, donde conviven obesidad y desnutrición, pero incluso en los subdesarrollados aumenta la prevalencia en los grupos de población más privilegiados (AU)

Obesity in children and adolescents is a public health problem on the increase and is the most prevalent metabolic and nutritional disorder in developed countries. As a major non- transmissible disease, obesity has taken on epidemic proportions in developed countries and displaced malnutrition and infections as a major cause of deterioration in health and quality of life. Obesity has thus become one of the great health issues of the 21st century. The WHO recently declared obesity to be a new worldwide syndrome as it not only has a high prevalence in developed countries but also in the so-called emerging economies, the “newly westernized” or “Coca-Colanized” countries as in the case of China, Brazil and Eastern European states where obesity exists alongside malnutrition, as well as in under-developed countries where the prevalence is increasing among the better-off segments of the population (AU)

Guías prácticas sobre nutrición. Alimentación en el lactante / Practical guides to nutrition (Spanish Society of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Pediatric Nutrition). Feeding of lactating infants

Organismos y sociedades científicas internacionales y nacionales reconocen a la leche de mujer como el alimento de elección, el estándar de oro, para los lactantes durante el primer semestre de vida (AU)

Alimentos funcionales o nutracéuticos / Nutraceuticals and functional foods

No disponible

A retrospective analysis of ingestion of caustic substances by children. Ten-year statistics in Galicia.

UNLABELLED: We reviewed the case histories of 743 children seen at our hospital from 1981 to 1990 for suspected ingestion of caustic substances. Mean patient age was 27 months; 85% of patients were less than 3 years old. The male-to-female ratio was about 2:1. About 53% of patients were from urban environments. All ingestions appear to have been accidental. Of the 743 children, 20% presented oesophageal burns (11.8% first-degree, 3.1% second-degree and 2.7% third-degree). Alkaline products were ingested about 11 times more frequently than acid products. The substance ingested was bleach in 73% of cases. The most dangerous substances were dishwasher liquids/powders (59% of ingestions led to oesophageal burn), caustic soda (55%) and drain cleaners (55%). The caustic product was not in its original container in 75% of cases. Most accidents (58%) took place in the home. We did not detect any reliable predictive relationship between the presence of symptoms and signs and of oesophageal burns. Of the 743 patients, 5% developed oesophageal stricture and 3% required oesophageal dilatation. CONCLUSION: The incidence of accidents caused by the ingestion of caustic substances can only be reduced by broad-based preventive strategies, including enforcement of safe manufacturing practices and public education programmes. Most importantly, the containers for caustic household products should be cheap, small and childproof.

The influence of patency of the vaginal process on the efficacy of hormonal treatment of cryptorchidism.

UNLABELLED: To investigate the effects of patency of the vaginal process (processus vaginalis testis) on the efficacy of hormonal treatment of cryptorchidism, we carried out a blind, controlled, prospective study in which all patients underwent inguinal herniography. The sample comprised 310 boys with true cryptorchidism (244 unilateral, 66 bilateral) and without symptomatic hernia/ hydrocele or other pathologies. Patients age ranged from 8 months to 11 years 5 months. All patients were treated with human chorionic gonadotropin (twice-weekly intramuscular injections for 5 weeks; total dose 2500 IU for patients less than 1-year-old, 5000 IU for 1- to 6-year-olds, 10000 IU for 6- to 11-year-olds). Following treatment, 37% (139/376) of the testes descended. The incidence of descent was highest for testes initially in caudal positions. Considering only non patent (i.e., normal) vaginal processes, the incidence of testis descent was 49.5% (139/281); none of the 95 testes associated with a patent vaginal process descended in response to hormone treatment. CONCLUSION: Prior detection of patent vaginal process by inguinal herniography permits identification of a significant subset of patients for whom hormone treatment will be ineffective. Our data suggest that this predictive procedure is 100% reliable.

[Serious childhood accidents involving tractors]. / Accidentes infantilies graves en relación con tractores.

OBJECTIVE: To review serious childhood injuries provoked by tractors in our country and to propose adequate preventative strategies. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Clinical data of eleven children admitted to our unit due to a tractor related accident have been evaluated. RESULTS: The majority of the events occurred in males and during the summer months, resulting in polytraumatisms with the abdominal region affected in most cases. Mortality was very high (64%). CONCLUSIONS: Accidents with tractors are a major preventable morbimortality factor in rural areas. Several preventive strategies that could reduce the incidence and severity of these injuries are proposed.

Measurement of colonic transit time in children.

Transit times through the whole colon and its segments were measured in 10 healthy children and 14 children suffering constipation secondary to myelomeningocele. The subjects ingested radio-opaque markers on three successive days, and on the fourth a plain abdominal roentgenogram was taken using fast film. In the healthy children, total colonic transit time (mean +/- SD) was 37.8 +/- 6.2 h, with segmental times of 10.8 +/- 3.5 h for the right colon, 12.2 +/- 2.7 h for the left, and 14.7 +/- 2.1 h for the rectosigmoid; upper normal limits of 17.8 h for the right colon, 17.6 h for the left, 19.1 h for the rectosigmoid, and 50.2 h for the total colonic transit time were established. In the constipated children, the total transit time was 59.9 +/- 5.4 h, with segmental times of 15.9 +/- 2.3 h for the right colon, 18.9 +/- 2.3 h for the left, and 25.0 +/- 2.6 h for the rectosigmoid. The technique described is simple, is easy to use in clinical practice, and involves a lower radiation dose than other methods. It may prove useful for measurement of colonic transit time in suitable patients.

[Endocrine function following cranial radiotherapy of neoplasms in children]. / Función endocrina después del tratamiento radioterápico craneal de neoplasias en la infancia.

The effect of radiotherapy upon the diencephalo-hypophyseal axis was studied in 14 children that had received cranial radio-therapy (2,400 to 6,000 R) to treat different intracranial tumors. Several hormones were evaluated between 2 months and 3 years after radiotherapy was performed. 35.7 per 100 of the patients were deficient in growth hormone, 37.5 per 100 showed an alteration of prolactin secretion, and 28 per 100 an abnormal response to thyroid-stimulating hormone.