RESUMO
Primary coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) deficiency is a group of inborn errors of metabolism caused by defects in CoQ10 biosynthesis. Biallelic pathogenic variants in COQ7, encoding mitochondrial 5-demethoxyubiquinone hydroxylase, have been reported in nine patients from seven families. We identified five new patients with COQ7-related primary CoQ10 deficiency, performed clinical assessment of the patients, and studied the functional effects of current and previously reported COQ7 variants and potential treatment options. The main clinical features included a neonatal-onset presentation with severe neuromuscular, cardiorespiratory and renal involvement and a late-onset disease presenting with progressive neuropathy, lower extremity weakness, abnormal gait, and variable developmental delay. Baker's yeast orthologue of COQ7, CAT5, is required for growth on oxidative carbon sources and cat5Δ strain demonstrates oxidative growth defect. Expression of wild-type CAT5 could completely rescue the defect; however, yeast CAT5 harboring equivalent human pathogenic variants could not. Interestingly, cat5Δ yeast harboring p.Arg57Gln (equivalent to human p.Arg54Gln), p.Arg112Trp (equivalent to p.Arg107Trp), p.Ile69Asn (equivalent to p.Ile66Asn) and combination of p.Lys108Met and p.Leu116Pro (equivalent to the complex allele p.[Thr103Met;Leu111Pro]) partially rescued the growth defects, indicating these variants are hypomorphic alleles. Supplementation with 2,4 dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,4-diHB) rescued the growth defect of both the leaky and severe mutants. Overexpression of COQ8 and 2,4-diHB supplementation synergistically restored oxidative growth and respiratory defect. Overall, we define two distinct disease presentations of COQ7-related disorder with emerging genotype-phenotype correlation and validate the use of the yeast model for functional studies of COQ7 variants.
Assuntos
Doenças Mitocondriais , Ubiquinona , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Mitocôndrias/metabolismo , Doenças Mitocondriais/metabolismo , Ubiquinona/metabolismoRESUMO
Very long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (VLCAD) deficiency is an autosomal recessive long chain fatty acid ß-oxidation disorder with a variable clinical spectrum, ranging from an acute neonatal presentation with cardiac and hepatic failure to childhood or adult onset of symptoms with hepatomegaly or rhabdomyolysis provoked by illness or exertion. Neonatal cardiac arrest or sudden unexpected death can be the presenting phenotype in some patients, emphasizing the importance of early clinical suspicion and intervention. We report a patient who had a cardiac arrest and died at one day of age. Following her death, the newborn screen reported biochemical evidence of VLCAD deficiency, which was confirmed with pathologic findings at autopsy and by molecular genetic testing.
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Expanded carrier screening (ECS) intends to broadly screen healthy individuals to determine their reproductive chance for autosomal recessive (AR) and X-linked (XL) conditions with infantile or early-childhood onset, which may impact reproductive management (Committee Opinion 690, Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2017, 129, e35). Compared to ethnicity-based screening, which requires accurate knowledge of ancestry for optimal test selection and appropriate risk assessment, ECS panels consist of tens to hundreds of AR and XL conditions that may be individually rare in various ancestries but offer a comprehensive approach to inherited disease screening. As such, the term "equitable carrier screening" may be preferable. This practice guideline provides evidence-based recommendations for ECS using the GRADE Evidence to Decision framework (Guyatt et al., BMJ, 2008, 336, 995; Guyatt et al., BMJ, 2008, 336, 924). We used evidence from a recent systematic evidence review (Ramdaney et al., Genetics in Medicine, 2022, 20, 374) and compiled data from peer-reviewed literature, scientific meetings, and clinical experience. We defined and prioritized the outcomes of informed consent, change in reproductive plans, yield in identification of at-risk carrier pairs/pregnancies, perceived barriers to ECS, amount of provider time spent, healthcare costs, frequency of severely/profoundly affected offspring, incidental findings, uncertain findings, patient satisfaction, and provider attitudes. Despite the recognized barriers to implementation and change in management strategies, this analysis supported implementation of ECS for these outcomes. Based upon the current level of evidence, we recommend ECS be made available for all individuals considering reproduction and all pregnant reproductive pairs, as ECS presents an ethnicity-based carrier screening alternative which does not rely on race-based medicine. The final decision to pursue carrier screening should be directed by shared decision-making, which takes into account specific features of patients as well as their preferences and values. As a periconceptional reproductive risk assessment tool, ECS is superior compared to ethnicity-based carrier screening in that it both identifies more carriers of AR and XL conditions as well as eliminates a single race-based medical practice. ECS should be offered to all who are currently pregnant, considering pregnancy, or might otherwise biologically contribute to pregnancy. Barriers to the broad implementation of and access to ECS should be identified and addressed so that test performance for carrier screening will not depend on social constructs such as race.
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Conselheiros , Aconselhamento Genético , Gravidez , Feminino , Humanos , Criança , Triagem de Portadores Genéticos , Reprodução , SociedadesRESUMO
Mitochondrial disorders are a heterogeneous group of rare, degenerative multisystem disorders affecting the cell's core bioenergetic and signalling functions. Spontaneous improvement is rare. We describe a novel neonatal-onset mitochondriopathy in three infants with failure to thrive, hyperlactatemia, hyperammonemia, and apparent clinical resolution before 18 months. Exome sequencing showed all three probands to be identically heterozygous for a recurrent de novo substitution, c.620G>A [p.(Arg207His)] in ATP5F1A, encoding the α-subunit of complex V. Patient-derived fibroblasts exhibited multiple deficits in complex V function and expression in vitro. Structural modelling predicts the observed substitution to create an abnormal region of negative charge on ATP5F1A's ß-subunit-interacting surface, adjacent to the nearby ß subunit's active site. This disorder, which presents with life-threatening neonatal manifestations, appears to follow a remitting course; the long-term prognosis remains unknown.
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Doenças Mitocondriais/genética , ATPases Mitocondriais Próton-Translocadoras/metabolismo , Domínio Catalítico , Células Cultivadas , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Doenças Mitocondriais/metabolismo , Doenças Mitocondriais/patologia , ATPases Mitocondriais Próton-Translocadoras/química , ATPases Mitocondriais Próton-Translocadoras/genética , Mutação , FenótipoRESUMO
PURPOSE: We describe a novel neurobehavioral phenotype of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), intellectual disability, and/or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) associated with de novo or inherited deleterious variants in members of the RFX family of genes. RFX genes are evolutionarily conserved transcription factors that act as master regulators of central nervous system development and ciliogenesis. METHODS: We assembled a cohort of 38 individuals (from 33 unrelated families) with de novo variants in RFX3, RFX4, and RFX7. We describe their common clinical phenotypes and present bioinformatic analyses of expression patterns and downstream targets of these genes as they relate to other neurodevelopmental risk genes. RESULTS: These individuals share neurobehavioral features including ASD, intellectual disability, and/or ADHD; other frequent features include hypersensitivity to sensory stimuli and sleep problems. RFX3, RFX4, and RFX7 are strongly expressed in developing and adult human brain, and X-box binding motifs as well as RFX ChIP-seq peaks are enriched in the cis-regulatory regions of known ASD risk genes. CONCLUSION: These results establish a likely role of deleterious variation in RFX3, RFX4, and RFX7 in cases of monogenic intellectual disability, ADHD and ASD, and position these genes as potentially critical transcriptional regulators of neurobiological pathways associated with neurodevelopmental disease pathogenesis.
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Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade , Transtorno do Espectro Autista , Transtorno Autístico , Deficiência Intelectual , Adulto , Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/genética , Transtorno do Espectro Autista/genética , Transtorno Autístico/genética , Humanos , Deficiência Intelectual/genética , Fatores de Transcrição de Fator Regulador X , Fatores de Transcrição/genéticaRESUMO
PURPOSE: This study aims to provide a comprehensive description of the phenotypic and genotypic spectrum of SNAP25 developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (SNAP25-DEE) by reviewing newly identified and previously reported individuals. METHODS: Individuals harboring heterozygous missense or loss-of-function variants in SNAP25 were assembled through collaboration with international colleagues, matchmaking platforms, and literature review. For each individual, detailed phenotyping, classification, and structural modeling of the identified variant were performed. RESULTS: The cohort comprises 23 individuals with pathogenic or likely pathogenic de novo variants in SNAP25. Intellectual disability and early-onset epilepsy were identified as the core symptoms of SNAP25-DEE, with recurrent findings of movement disorders, cerebral visual impairment, and brain atrophy. Structural modeling for all variants predicted possible functional defects concerning SNAP25 or impaired interaction with other components of the SNARE complex. CONCLUSION: We provide a comprehensive description of SNAP25-DEE with intellectual disability and early-onset epilepsy mostly occurring before the age of two years. These core symptoms and additional recurrent phenotypes show an overlap to genes encoding other components or associated proteins of the SNARE complex such as STX1B, STXBP1, or VAMP2. Thus, these findings advance the concept of a group of neurodevelopmental disorders that may be termed "SNAREopathies."
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Encefalopatias , Epilepsia , Deficiência Intelectual , Transtornos do Neurodesenvolvimento , Proteína 25 Associada a Sinaptossoma/genética , Pré-Escolar , Epilepsia/genética , Humanos , Transtornos do Neurodesenvolvimento/genética , FenótipoRESUMO
Pathogenic variants in KMT2D, which encodes lysine specific methyltransferase 2D, cause autosomal dominant Kabuki syndrome, associated with distinctive dysmorphic features including arched eyebrows, long palpebral fissures with eversion of the lower lid, large protuberant ears, and fetal finger pads. Most disease-causing variants identified to date are putative loss-of-function alleles, although 15-20% of cases are attributed to missense variants. We describe here four patients (including one previously published patient) with de novo KMT2D missense variants and with shared but unusual clinical findings not typically seen in Kabuki syndrome, including athelia (absent nipples), choanal atresia, hypoparathyroidism, delayed or absent pubertal development, and extreme short stature. These individuals also lack the typical dysmorphic facial features found in Kabuki syndrome. Two of the four patients had severe interstitial lung disease. All of these variants cluster within a 40-amino-acid region of the protein that is located just N-terminal of an annotated coiled coil domain. These findings significantly expand the phenotypic spectrum of features associated with variants in KMT2D beyond those seen in Kabuki syndrome and suggest a possible new underlying disease mechanism for these patients.
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Anormalidades Múltiplas/genética , Mama/anormalidades , Anormalidades Congênitas/genética , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/genética , Face/anormalidades , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Doenças Hematológicas/genética , Proteínas de Neoplasias/genética , Doenças Vestibulares/genética , Anormalidades Múltiplas/diagnóstico por imagem , Anormalidades Múltiplas/patologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Mama/diagnóstico por imagem , Mama/fisiopatologia , Doenças Mamárias , Criança , Anormalidades Congênitas/diagnóstico por imagem , Anormalidades Congênitas/fisiopatologia , Face/diagnóstico por imagem , Face/patologia , Feminino , Doenças Hematológicas/diagnóstico por imagem , Doenças Hematológicas/patologia , Humanos , Mutação com Perda de Função/genética , Masculino , Mutação/genética , Fenótipo , Doenças Vestibulares/diagnóstico por imagem , Doenças Vestibulares/patologia , Sequenciamento do Exoma , Adulto JovemRESUMO
PURPOSE: Treacher Collins syndrome (TCS) is a rare autosomal dominant mandibulofacial dysostosis, with a prevalence of 0.2-1/10,000. Features include bilateral and symmetrical malar and mandibular hypoplasia and facial abnormalities due to abnormal neural crest cell (NCC) migration and differentiation. To date, three genes have been identified: TCOF1, POLR1C, and POLR1D. Despite a large number of patients with a molecular diagnosis, some remain without a known genetic anomaly. METHODS: We performed exome sequencing for four individuals with TCS but who were negative for pathogenic variants in the known causative genes. The effect of the pathogenic variants was investigated in zebrafish. RESULTS: We identified three novel pathogenic variants in POLR1B. Knockdown of polr1b in zebrafish induced an abnormal craniofacial phenotype mimicking TCS that was associated with altered ribosomal gene expression, massive p53-associated cellular apoptosis in the neuroepithelium, and reduced number of NCC derivatives. CONCLUSION: Pathogenic variants in the RNA polymerase I subunit POLR1B might induce massive p53-dependent apoptosis in a restricted neuroepithelium area, altering NCC migration and causing cranioskeletal malformations. We identify POLR1B as a new causative gene responsible for a novel TCS syndrome (TCS4) and establish a novel experimental model in zebrafish to study POLR1B-related TCS.
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Anormalidades Craniofaciais/genética , RNA Polimerases Dirigidas por DNA/genética , Disostose Mandibulofacial/genética , Proteínas Nucleares/genética , Fosfoproteínas/genética , Animais , Apoptose/genética , Diferenciação Celular/genética , Movimento Celular/genética , Anormalidades Craniofaciais/patologia , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Humanos , Disostose Mandibulofacial/patologia , Mutação , Crista Neural/anormalidades , Crista Neural/patologia , Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53/genética , Sequenciamento do Exoma , Peixe-Zebra/genéticaRESUMO
Glypicans are a family of cell-surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans that regulate growth-factor signaling during development and are thought to play a role in the regulation of morphogenesis. Whole-exome sequencing of the Australian family that defined Keipert syndrome (nasodigitoacoustic syndrome) identified a hemizygous truncating variant in the gene encoding glypican 4 (GPC4). This variant, located in the final exon of GPC4, results in premature termination of the protein 51 amino acid residues prior to the stop codon, and in concomitant loss of functionally important N-linked glycosylation (Asn514) and glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor (Ser529) sites. We subsequently identified seven affected males from five additional kindreds with novel and predicted pathogenic variants in GPC4. Segregation analysis and X-inactivation studies in carrier females provided supportive evidence that the GPC4 variants caused the condition. Furthermore, functional studies of recombinant protein suggested that the truncated proteins p.Gln506∗ and p.Glu496∗ were less stable than the wild type. Clinical features of Keipert syndrome included a prominent forehead, a flat midface, hypertelorism, a broad nose, downturned corners of mouth, and digital abnormalities, whereas cognitive impairment and deafness were variable features. Studies of Gpc4 knockout mice showed evidence of the two primary features of Keipert syndrome: craniofacial abnormalities and digital abnormalities. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that GPC4 is most closely related to GPC6, which is associated with a bone dysplasia that has a phenotypic overlap with Keipert syndrome. Overall, we have shown that pathogenic variants in GPC4 cause a loss of function that results in Keipert syndrome, making GPC4 the third human glypican to be linked to a genetic syndrome.
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Surdez/congênito , Doenças Genéticas Ligadas ao Cromossomo X/genética , Doenças Genéticas Ligadas ao Cromossomo X/patologia , Variação Genética , Glipicanas/genética , Deformidades Congênitas das Extremidades Inferiores/genética , Deformidades Congênitas das Extremidades Inferiores/patologia , Adulto , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Surdez/genética , Surdez/patologia , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Linhagem , Fenótipo , Adulto JovemRESUMO
SMAD2 is a downstream effector in the TGF-ß signaling pathway, which is important for pattern formation and tissue differentiation. Pathogenic variants in SMAD2 have been reported in association with arterial aneurysms and dissections and in large cohorts of subjects with complex congenital heart disease (CHD). We used whole exome sequencing (WES) to investigate the molecular cause of CHD and other congenital anomalies in three probands and of an arterial aneurysm in an additional patient. Patients 1 and 2 presented with complex CHD, developmental delay, seizures, dysmorphic features, short stature, and poor weight gain. Patient 3 was a fetus with complex CHD and heterotaxy. The fourth patient is an adult female with aortic root aneurysm and physical features suggestive of a connective tissue disorder. WES identified pathogenic truncating variants, a splice variant, and a predicted deleterious missense variant in SMAD2. We compare the phenotypes and genotypes in our patients with previously reported cases. Our data suggest two distinct phenotypes associated with pathogenic variants in SMAD2: complex CHD with or without laterality defects and other congenital anomalies, and a late-onset vascular phenotype characterized by arterial aneurysms with connective tissue abnormalities.
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Aneurisma Aórtico/genética , Cardiopatias Congênitas/genética , Mutação , Proteína Smad2/genética , Adulto , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Exoma , Feminino , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Genótipo , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fenótipo , Gravidez , Sequenciamento do Exoma/métodosRESUMO
PURPOSE: Evaluation of the clinician's role in the optimal interpretation of clinical exome sequencing (ES) results. METHODS: Retrospective chart review of the first 155 patients who underwent clinical ES in our Exome Clinic and direct interaction with the ordering geneticist to evaluate the process of interpretation of results. RESULTS: The most common primary indication was neurodevelopmental problems (~66%), followed by multiple congenital anomalies (~10%). Based on sequencing data, the overall diagnostic yield was 36%. After assessment by the medical geneticist, incorporation of detailed phenotypic and molecular data, and utilization of additional diagnostic modalities, the final diagnostic yield increased to 43%. Seven patients in our cohort were included in initial case series that described novel genetic syndromes, and 23% of patients were involved in subsequent research studies directly related to their results or involved in efforts to move beyond clinical ES for diagnosis. Clinical management was directly altered due to the ES findings in 12% of definitively diagnosed cases. CONCLUSIONS: Our results emphasize the usefulness of ES, demonstrate the significant role of the medical geneticist in the diagnostic process of patients undergoing ES, and illustrate the benefits of postanalytical diagnostic work-up in solving the "diagnostic odyssey." Genet Med advance online publication 02 March 2017.
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Sequenciamento do Exoma , Exoma , Prova Pericial , Testes Genéticos , Genética Médica , Adolescente , Adulto , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Aconselhamento Genético , Doenças Genéticas Inatas/diagnóstico , Doenças Genéticas Inatas/genética , Genética Médica/métodos , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Médicos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The goals of this undertaking were to assess the outcomes of thyroid screening tests and adherence to thyroid screening guidelines across five Down syndrome (DS) specialty clinics in various states. Data related to thyroid screening were collected for 663 individuals across five clinics specializing in the comprehensive care of individuals with DS for a period of 1 year. Of the 663 participants, 47.7% of participants had a TSH and free T4 ordered at their DS specialty clinic visit. Approximately 19.0% (60/316) had a new thyroid disorder diagnosis made. We conclude that a sizable proportion of the patients with DS are not up-to-date on current guidelines when they present to a DS specialty clinic, while adherence to thyroid screening guidelines helps facilitate early diagnoses. Hypothyroidism is prevalent in the population, consistent with reported literature. DS specialty clinics can help patients stay current on screening guidelines.
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Síndrome de Down/fisiopatologia , Hipotireoidismo/fisiopatologia , Doenças da Glândula Tireoide/fisiopatologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Síndrome de Down/sangue , Síndrome de Down/complicações , Feminino , Humanos , Hipotireoidismo/sangue , Hipotireoidismo/complicações , Lactente , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Sistema de Registros , Doenças da Glândula Tireoide/sangue , Doenças da Glândula Tireoide/complicações , Testes de Função Tireóidea , Glândula Tireoide/fisiopatologia , Tireotropina/sangue , Tiroxina/sangueRESUMO
The main purposes of this undertaking were to determine how often patients with Down syndrome (DS) are screened for celiac disease (CD) across five DS specialty clinics, which symptoms of CD are most often reported to DS specialty providers at these clinics, and, how many individuals were diagnosed with CD by these clinics. This was accomplished by following 663 individuals with DS for 1 year, across five clinics in different states specializing in the comprehensive care of people with DS. Of the 663 participants, 114 individuals were screened for CD at their visit to a DS specialty clinic. Protracted constipation (43.2%) and refractory behavioral problems (23.7%) were symptoms most often reported to DS specialty providers. During the 1 year study period, 13 patients screened positive for CD by serology. Of those, eight underwent duodenal biopsy, and three were diagnosed with CD. We conclude that CD is an important consideration in the comprehensive care of individuals with DS. However, while symptoms are common, diagnoses are infrequent in DS specialty clinics. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Doença Celíaca/diagnóstico , Síndrome de Down/diagnóstico , Aconselhamento Genético , Adolescente , Adulto , Biópsia , Doença Celíaca/complicações , Doença Celíaca/fisiopatologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Síndrome de Down/complicações , Síndrome de Down/fisiopatologia , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Via whole-exome sequencing, we identified six females from independent families with a common neurodevelopmental phenotype including developmental delay, intellectual disability, autism, hypotonia, and seizures, all with de novo predicted deleterious variants in the nuclear localization signal of Heterogeneous Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein H2, encoded by HNRNPH2, a gene located on the X chromosome. Many of the females also have seizures, psychiatric co-morbidities, and orthopedic, gastrointestinal, and growth problems as well as common dysmorphic facial features. HNRNPs are a large group of ubiquitous proteins that associate with pre-mRNAs in eukaryotic cells to produce a multitude of alternatively spliced mRNA products during development and play an important role in controlling gene expression. The failure to identify affected males, the severity of the neurodevelopmental phenotype in females, and the essential role of this gene suggests that male conceptuses with these variants may not be viable.
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Cromossomos Humanos X/genética , Ribonucleoproteínas Nucleares Heterogêneas Grupo F-H/genética , Mutação/genética , Transtornos do Neurodesenvolvimento/genética , Sinais de Localização Nuclear , Caracteres Sexuais , Adulto , Processamento Alternativo/genética , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Transtorno Autístico/genética , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Deficiências do Desenvolvimento/genética , Perda do Embrião/genética , Exoma/genética , Face/anormalidades , Feminino , Frequência do Gene , Ribonucleoproteínas Nucleares Heterogêneas Grupo F-H/química , Humanos , Deficiência Intelectual/genética , Masculino , Microcefalia/genética , Hipotonia Muscular/genética , Fenótipo , Convulsões/genéticaRESUMO
The Down Syndrome Study Group (DSSG) was founded in 2012 as a voluntary, collaborative effort with the goal of supporting evidenced-based health care guidelines for individuals with Down syndrome (DS). Since then, 5 DS specialty clinics have collected prospective, longitudinal data on medical conditions that co-occur with DS. Data were entered by clinical staff or trained designees into the National Down Syndrome Patient Database, which we created using REDCap software. In our pilot year, we enrolled 663 participants across the U.S., ages 36 days to 70 years, from multiple racial and ethnic backgrounds. Here we report: (i) the demographic distribution of participants enrolled, (ii) a detailed account of our database infrastructure, and (iii) lessons learned during our pilot year to assist future researchers with similar goals for other patient populations.
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Bases de Dados Factuais , Síndrome de Down/epidemiologia , Estudos Multicêntricos como Assunto , Sistema de Registros , Adolescente , Adulto , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Comportamento Cooperativo , Demografia , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Estudos Interdisciplinares , Masculino , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
PURPOSE: "Jaffe-Campanacci syndrome" describes the complex of multiple nonossifying fibromas of the long bones, mandibular giant cell lesions, and café-au-lait macules in individuals without neurofibromas. We sought to determine whether Jaffe-Campanacci syndrome is a distinct genetic entity or a variant of neurofibromatosis type 1. METHODS: We performed germline NF1, SPRED1, and GNAS1 (exon 8) mutation testing on patients with Jaffe-Campanacci syndrome or Jaffe-Campanacci syndrome-related features. We also performed somatic NF1 mutation testing on nonossifying fibromas and giant cell lesions. RESULTS: Pathogenic germline NF1 mutations were identified in 13 of 14 patients with multiple café-au-lait macules and multiple nonossifying fibromas or giant cell lesions ("classical" Jaffe-Campanacci syndrome); all 13 also fulfilled the National Institutes of Health diagnostic criteria for neurofibromatosis type 1. Somatic NF1 mutations were detected in two giant cell lesions but not in two nonossifying fibromas. No SPRED1 or GNAS1 (exon 8) mutations were detected in the seven NF1-negative patients with Jaffe-Campanacci syndrome, nonossifying fibromas, or giant cell lesions. CONCLUSION: In this study, the majority of patients with café-au-lait macules and nonossifying fibromas or giant cell lesions harbored a pathogenic germline NF1 mutation, suggesting that many Jaffe-Campanacci syndrome cases may actually have neurofibromatosis type 1. We provide the first proof of specific somatic second-hit mutations affecting NF1 in two giant cell lesions from two unrelated patients, establishing these as neurofibromatosis type 1-associated tumors.
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Manchas Café com Leite/genética , Subunidades alfa Gs de Proteínas de Ligação ao GTP/genética , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intracelular/genética , Proteínas de Membrana/genética , Neurofibromatose 1/genética , Neurofibromina 1/genética , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transdução de Sinal , Adolescente , Adulto , Neoplasias Ósseas/genética , Manchas Café com Leite/patologia , Células Cultivadas , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Cromograninas , Feminino , Fibroma/genética , Mutação em Linhagem Germinativa , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Neurofibromatose 1/diagnóstico , Neurofibromatose 1/patologia , Razão de Masculinidade , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Dilation or aneurysm of the ascending aorta can progress to acute aortic dissection (Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms and Aortic Dissections, TAAD). Mutations in genes encoding TGF-ß-related proteins (TGFBR1, TGFBR2, FBN1, and SMAD3) cause syndromic and inherited TAAD. SMAD4 mutations are associated with juvenile polyposis syndrome (JPS) and a combined JPS-hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) known as JPS-HHT. A family with JPS-HHT was reported to have aortic root dilation and mitral valve abnormalities. We report on two patients with JPS-HHT with SMAD4 mutations associated with thoracic aortic disease. The first patient, an 11-year-old boy without Marfan syndrome features, had JPS and an apparently de novo SMAD4 mutation (c.1340_1367dup28). Echocardiography showed mild dilation of the aortic annulus and aortic root, and mild dilation of the sinotubular junction and ascending aorta. Computed tomography confirmed aortic dilation and showed small pulmonary arteriovenous malformations (PAVM). The second patient, a 34-year-old woman with colonic polyposis, HHT, and features of Marfan syndrome, had a SMAD4 mutation (c.1245_1248delCAGA). Echocardiography showed mild aortic root dilation. She also had PAVM and hepatic focal nodular hyperplasia. Her family history was significant for polyposis, HHT, thoracic aortic aneurysm, and dissection and skeletal features of Marfan syndrome in her father. These two cases confirm the association of thoracic aortic disease with JPS-HHT resulting from SMAD4 mutations. We propose that the thoracic aorta should be screened in patients with SMAD4 mutations to prevent untimely death from dissection. This report also confirms that SMAD4 mutations predispose to TAAD.