Additive Manufacturing of Biodegradable Molybdenum - From Powder to Vascular Stent.

Magnesium, iron, and zinc-based biodegradable metals are widely recognized as promising candidate materials for the next generation of bioresorbable stent (BVS). However, none of those metal BVSs are perfect at this stage. Here, a brand-new BVS based on a novel biodegradable metal (Molybdenum, Mo) through additive manufacturing is developed. Nearly full-dense and crack-free thin-wall Mo is directly manufactured through selective laser melting (SLM) with fine Mo powder. Systemic analyses considering the forming quality, wall-thickness, microstructure, mechanical properties, and in vitro degradation behaviors are performed. Then, Mo-based thin-strut (≤ 100 µm) stents are successfully obtained through an optimized single-track laser melting route. The SLMed thin-wall Mo owns comparable strength to its Mg and Zn based counterparts (as-drawn), while, it exhibits remarkable biocompatibility in vitro. Vessel related cells are well adhered and spread on SLMed Mo, and it exhibits a low risk of hemolysis and thrombus. The SLMed stent is compatible to vessel tissues in rat abdominal aorta, and it can provide sufficient support in an animal model as an extravascular stent. This work possibly opens a new era of manufacturing Mo-based stents through additive manufacturing.

Design of single-phased magnesium alloys with typically high solubility rare earth elements for biomedical applications: Concept and proof.

Rare earth elements (REEs) have been long applied in magnesium alloys, among which the mischmetal-containing WE43 alloy has already got the CE mark approval for clinical application. A considerable amount of REEs (7 wt%) is needed in that multi-phased alloy to achieve a good combination of mechanical strength and corrosion resistance. However, the high complex RE addition accompanied with multiple second phases may bring the concern of biological hazards. Single-phased Mg-RE alloys with simpler compositions were proposed to improve the overall performance, i.e., "Simpler alloy, better performance". The single-phased microstructure can be successfully obtained with typical high-solubility REEs (Ho, Er or Lu) through traditional smelting, casting and extrusion in a wide compositional range. A good corrosion resistance with a macroscopically uniform corrosion mode was guaranteed by the homogeneously single-phased microstructure. The bimodal-grained structure with plenty of sub-grain microstructures allow us to minimize the RE addition to <1 wt%, without losing mechanical properties. The single-phased Mg-RE alloys show comparable mechanical properties to the clinically-proven Mg-based implants. They exhibited similar in-vitro and in-vivo performances (without local or systematic toxicity in SD-rats) compared to a high purity magnesium. In addition, metal elements in our single-phased alloys can be gradually excreted through the urinary system and digestive system, showing no consistent accumulation of RE in main organs, i.e., less burden on organs. The novel concept in this study focuses on the simplification of Mg-RE based alloys for biomedical purpose, and other biodegradable metals with single-phased microstructures are expected to be explored.