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1.
Sci Rep ; 12(1): 6950, 2022 06 09.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35680934

RESUMO

The dog (Canis familiaris) was the first domesticated animal and hundreds of breeds exist today. During domestication, dogs experienced strong selection for temperament, behaviour, and cognitive ability. However, the genetic basis of these abilities is not well-understood. We focused on ancient dog breeds to investigate breed-related differences in social cognitive abilities. In a problem-solving task, ancient breeds showed a lower tendency to look back at humans than other European breeds. In a two-way object choice task, they showed no differences in correct response rate or ability to read human communicative gestures. We examined gene polymorphisms in oxytocin, oxytocin receptor, melanocortin 2 receptor, and a Williams-Beuren syndrome-related gene (WBSCR17), as candidate genes of dog domestication. The single-nucleotide polymorphisms on melanocortin 2 receptor were related to both tasks, while other polymorphisms were associated with the unsolvable task. This indicates that glucocorticoid functions are involved in the cognitive skills acquired during dog domestication.


Assuntos
Cães , Domesticação , Interação Humano-Animal , Animais , Animais Domésticos , Comportamento Animal/fisiologia , Comunicação , Cães/genética , Gestos , Humanos , N-Acetilgalactosaminiltransferases/genética , Ocitocina , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Receptor Tipo 2 de Melanocortina/genética , Receptores de Ocitocina/genética , Polipeptídeo N-Acetilgalactosaminiltransferase
2.
J Hered ; 109(5): 566-572, 2018 06 27.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29538681

RESUMO

Drug detection dogs can be trained to locate various prohibited drugs with targeted odors, and they play an important role in the interdiction of drug smuggling in human society. Recent studies provide the interesting hypothesis that the oxytocin system serves as a biological basis for co-evolution between dogs and humans. Here, we offer the new possibility that genetic variation of the canine oxytocin receptor (OXTR) gene may regulate the success of a dog's training to become a drug detection dog. A total of 340 Labrador Retriever dogs that were trained to be drug detection dogs in Japan were analyzed. We genotyped an exonic SNP (rs8679682) in the OXTR gene and compared the training success rate of dogs with different genotypes. We also asked dog trainers in the training facility to evaluate subjective personality assessment scores for each dog and examined how each dog's training success was related to those scores. A significant effect of the OXTR genotype on the success of the dogs' training was found, with a higher proportion of dogs carrying the C allele (T/C and C/C genotypes) being successful candidates than dogs carrying the T/T genotype. Dog personality scores of Training Focus (Factor 1) were positively correlated with an increased likelihood that a dog would successfully complete training. Although the molecular mechanism of the OXTR gene and its functional pathway related to dog behavior remains unknown, our findings suggest that canine OXTR gene variants may regulate individual differences between dogs in their responsiveness to training for drug detection.


Assuntos
Cães/genética , Drogas Ilícitas/análise , Receptores de Ocitocina/genética , Olfato , Alelos , Animais , Feminino , Genótipo , Humanos , Masculino , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único
3.
Sci Rep ; 5: 17710, 2015 Dec 18.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26680442

RESUMO

During the domestication process, dogs were selected for their suitability for multiple purposes, resulting in a variety of behavioral characteristics. In particular, the ancient group of breeds that is genetically closer to wolves may show different behavioral characteristics when compared to other breed groups. Here, we used questionnaire evaluations of dog behavior to investigate whether behavioral characteristics of dogs were different among genetically clustered breed groups. A standardized questionnaire, the Canine Behavioral Assessment and Research Questionnaire (C-BARQ), was used, and breed group differences of privately-owned dogs from Japan (n = 2,951) and the United States (n = 10,389) were analyzed. Results indicated that dogs in the ancient and spitz breed group showed low attachment and attention-seeking behavior. This characteristic distinguished the ancient group from any other breed groups with presumed modern European origins, and may therefore, be an ancestral trait.


Assuntos
Comportamento Animal/fisiologia , Animais , Cães , Feminino , Genoma , Internet , Masculino , Família Multigênica , Inquéritos e Questionários , Interface Usuário-Computador
4.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18804554

RESUMO

To evaluate the feasibility of using the silkworm as a model animal for screening drug candidates, we examined whether the lethal dose of cytotoxic chemicals in silkworm, Bombyx mori, were consistent with those in mammals, and compared the metabolic pathways of these drugs between silkworms and mice. The lethal dose levels of cytotoxic chemicals in silkworms were consistent with those in mammals. We examined the fate of model drugs, 4-methyl umbelliferone, umbelliferone, and 7-ethoxycoumarine, in silkworm larvae. The half-life of 4-methyl umbelliferone in the silkworm larvae hemolymph was 7.0+/-0.1 min, similar to that in mouse blood. In silkworm larvae, 4-methyl umbelliferone was conjugated with glucose, whereas in mammals it is conjugated with glucuronate or sulfate. These results are consistent with a previous report that UDP-glucosyltransferase catalyzes the conjugation of 4-methyl umbelliferone. The glucose-conjugation reaction of 4-methyl umbelliferone was observed in microsomal fractions of fat bodies isolated from silkworms. Furthermore, most umbelliferone and 7-ethoxycoumarine injected into the hemolymph of silkworms was eliminated through the feces in the glucose-conjugated form. These findings suggest that chemicals are metabolized through a pathway common to both mammals and silkworms: reaction with cytochrome P450, conjugation with hydroxylated compounds, and excretion.


Assuntos
Bombyx/efeitos dos fármacos , Bombyx/metabolismo , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos/métodos , Modelos Animais , Testes de Toxicidade/métodos , Animais , Biotransformação , Bombyx/enzimologia , Cumarínicos/farmacocinética , Sistema Enzimático do Citocromo P-450/metabolismo , Estudos de Viabilidade , Fezes/química , Glucuronatos/metabolismo , Hemolinfa/metabolismo , Himecromona/análogos & derivados , Himecromona/farmacocinética , Proteínas de Insetos/metabolismo , Larva/efeitos dos fármacos , Larva/metabolismo , Dose Letal Mediana , Umbeliferonas/farmacocinética
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