Clinicopathologic features and prognostic significance of mixed (Low and high-grade) papillary urothelial carcinoma comparison with low and high-grade papillary urothelial carcinoma.

The World Health Organization/International Society of Urological Pathology (2022 WHO/ISUP) classification categorizes noninvasive carcinomas based on the highest grade observed in a pathology sample. According to this classification, a lesion is classified as mixed-grade (MG) if the highest-grade component comprises less than 5% high-grade (HG) carcinoma [14]. This study included 160 cases of low-grade papillary urothelial carcinoma (LGUC) and 160 cases of HG papillary urothelial carcinoma (HGUC), selected randomly. In addition, 160 consecutive and unselected cases of MG papillary urothelial carcinoma (MGUC) were obtained from all bladder transurethral resection specimens diagnosed with papillary urothelial carcinoma between January 2007 and January 2021. The results of the multivariate analysis showed that histologic grade, invasion of the lamina propria, and the presence of carcinoma in situ at presentation were independent prognostic parameters regarding recurrence-free survival (p = 0.002; hazard ratio (HR) = 1.44, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.059-1.956, p = 0.02; and HR = 1.76, 95% CI = 1.159-2.684, p = 0.008, respectively). Histologic grade was the only independent prognostic parameter of disease-specific survival (DSS) (p < 0.001). Comparisons between non-muscle invasive (NMI) MGUC and NMI LGUC, as well as between NMI MGUC and NMI HGUC, revealed statistically significant differences in terms of DSS (HR = 0.07, 95% CI = 0.024-0.252, p < 0.001 and HR = 1.59, 95% CI = 1.023-2.460, p = 0.039, respectively). Our study findings demonstrate statistically significant differences regarding DSS between NMI MGUC and NMI HGUC, as well as between NMI MGUC and NMI LGUC. Therefore, we suggested that considering the presence of less than 5% MGUC as a separate category may be appropriate. However, it is important to validate our results in larger cohorts with longer follow-up periods to establish the clinical significance of MGUC and provide guidance for patient management.

Diagnostic Importance of PAX2, ARID1A, and FOXA1 Biomarkers in Atypical Endometrial Hyperplasia.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the contribution of PAX2, ARID1A, and FOXA1 biomarkers to diagnosis in cases with atypical endometrial hyperplasia (AEH). STUDY DESIGN: Descriptive Study. Place and Duration of the Study: Pathology Department of Umraniye Training and Research Hospital, from January 2018 to December 2020. METHODOLOGY: Curettage materials of 100 patients diagnosed with AEH which stained PAX2, ARID1A, and FOXA1, were evaluated. The staining patterns in the atypical endometrial glandular areas were grouped as slight-no loss, moderate loss, and complete loss / severe loss for all three biomarkers. Complete or/severe loss in AEH was considered helpful in the diagnosis. RESULTS: Complete loss / severe loss rates in curettages were 84% for PAX2, 5% for ARID1A, and 15% for FOXA1, respectively. When used in combination, complete loss / severe loss rates were 85% in at least one of the three markers, 84% in PAX2 and/or ARID1A, 85% in PAX2 and/or FOXA1, and 17% in ARID1A and/or FOXA1. CONCLUSION: Although all 3 biomarkers showed marked staining loss, PAX2 is the most sensitive biomarker for the diagnosis of AEH in curettage materials. KEY WORDS: Endometrium, Atypical hyperplasia, PAX2, ARID1A, FOXA1.

Smooth muscle tumor of uncertain malignant potential (STUMP): a case-based analysis.

OBJECTIVES: The present study aimed to analyze of uterine smooth muscle tumors of uncertain malignant potential (STUMP) and the outcomes of patients with STUMP. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this retrospective study, the data of patients diagnosed with STUMP in a single tertiary center between January 2005-January 2020 were reviewed. We assessed the demographic variables, treatment outcomes, time until recurrence, disease-free and overall survival of the patients. RESULTS: Twenty-five patients diagnosed with STUMP were included in the study. The mean age of the patients was 43.2 ± 10.3 years. Thirteen of the 25 patients (52%) were treated by myomectomy, others received diagnoses following hysterectomy. The median follow-up time was 45.2 months. Recurrence was observed in three cases (12%), two of which were followed up without hysterectomy, and the third patient died by peritonitis carcinomatosa 60 months after diagnosis although she received cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) treatment. CONCLUSIONS: This study evaluates the data of patients with STUMP. Our results reveal a STUMP recurrence of 12%, like those previously reported in the literature. Despite the possibility of malignant recurrence, fertility-preserving treatment with close follow-up should be tried, because of the relatively early age at diagnosis.

Do Histologically Aggressive Subtypes of Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma have Worse Clinical Outcome than Non-Aggressive Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma Subtypes? A Multicenter Cohort Study.

Histologically aggressive micropapillary thyroid carcinomas (PTMC) subtypes are thought to be associated with an aggressive clinical course. However, evidence for unfavorable clinical outcomes in patients with aggressive PTMC subtypes is not clear. In this study, we intended to determine the difference in clinical outcomes between patients with aggressive and non-aggressive PTMC subtypes. In this multicenter cohort study, the computer-recorded clinical and histopathological data of patients who underwent thyroid surgery between January 2000 - January 2021 in 9 referral centers and were diagnosed as PTMC were analyzed. A total of 1585 patients [female 1340 (84.5%), male 245 (15.5%), mean age 47.9±11.63 years), with a mean follow-up time of 66.55±37.16 months], were included in the study. Ninety-eight cases were diagnosed as aggressive and 1487 as non-aggressive subtypes. Persistent/recurrent disease was observed in 33 (33.7% )and 41 (2.8%) patients with aggressive and non-aggressive subtypes (p<0.001). Diseases-free survival rates were markedly lower in patients with aggressive than in those with non-aggressive PTMC subtypes (66.3 vs. 94.8%, log-rank p<0.001). Moreover, in multivariate analysis, aggressive histology was an independent predictor of persistent/recurrent disease, after controlling for other contributing factors (HR 5.78, 95% CI 3.32-10, p<0.001). Patients with aggressive PTMC subtypes had higher rates of incomplete biochemical and structural response than patients with non-aggressive subtypes as well (p<0.001). Aggressive PTMC subtypes share many characteristics with histologically identical tumors>1 cm in size. Therefore, the histopathological subtype of PTMC should be taken into consideration to tailor a personalized management plan.

Asymptomatic fetal bone retention detected 12 years after termination of pregnancy: case report.

Intrauterine retention of fetal bone fragments is a rare complication that can be seen after pregnancy termination, especially in advanced gestational weeks. Here, we present a case of intrauterine fetal bone retention detected during routine gynecological examination in an asymptomatic woman whose pregnancy was terminated 12 years ago. Under local anesthesia and ultrasound guidance, the fetal bone was removed with a grasper. This case report highlights the importance of post-curettage ultrasound examination to ensure that no fetal tissue is left behind after termination of pregnancy.

Immunohistochemical Evaluation of BAP1 Expression in Breast Cancer with Known BRCA1 and BRCA2 Mutations and Comparison with Histopathological Features.

Introduction. BRCA-mutated breast cancers have specific pathological characteristics. BAP1 is a tumor suppressor gene that is important in many cancers with different pathways. The relationship between BRCA1 mutation and BAP1 immunohistochemical staining is still unclear. Our aim is to determine whether BAP1 immunohistochemical expression indicates BRCA mutation status in breast carcinomas with specific pathological characteristics. In addition, we aim to determine the histopathological characteristics of tumors according to BRCA mutations. Methods. Histomorphology, molecular subtypes and BAP1 immunohistochemical expression patterns of the BRCA1/BRCA2 mutated and non-mutated tumors were evaluated. The BAP1 immunohistochemical stain was applied to nine tumor tissues with the BRCA1 mutation, six tumor tissues with the BRCA2 mutation, and 16 tumor tissues without any BRCA mutation. Pearson's chi square test and the Fisher Freeman Halton test were used to analyze the associations between the datas. The statistical significance was considered as P value of <.05. Results. Immunohistochemical BAP1 loss was not detected in any mutated or non-mutated tumor group. BRCA1 mutated tumors had the statistically highest histopathological grade (P = .04) and BRCA1/2 mutated tumors had significant immunohistochemical triple negative expression pattern (P = .01). Conclusions. Intrinsic and histopathological characteristics may vary between BRCA1 mutated and non-BRCA1 mutated tumors. Also, BAP1 loss was not detected in BRCA mutated breast tumors because of several effects of BAP1 that are non-related with BRCA in the cell cycle.

Protective effects of sildenafil administration on chemotherapeutic-induced ovarian damage in rats.

Agents to reduce the gonadotoxic effects of chemotherapeutics are still under investigation. In this context, we aimed to investigate the protective effect of sildenafil against chemotherapeutic-induced gonadotoxicity in a rat model. A total of 62 female rats were divided into eight groups as control, sildenafil (1.4 mg/kg, orally), doxorubicin (3 mg/kg, i.p.), cisplatin (5 mg/kg, i.p.), cyclophosphamide (200 mg/kg, i.p.), doxorubicin+sildenafil, cisplatin+sildenafil, and cyclophosphamide+sildenafil (1.4 mg/kg orally sildenafil in addition to the same dose of chemotherapeutics). The groups were compared in terms of follicle count, ovarian size, and anti-müllerian hormone (AMH) levels. Use of sildenafil with cyclophosphamide was effective only in preserving primary follicle count (p = 0.026) and had no significant change in the secondary follicle count, ovarian size, or AMH level. Adding sildenafil to cisplatin had a significant protective effect on primary follicle count (p = 0.011), secondary follicle count (p = 0.009), and ovarian size (p = 0.001), but this effect could not be demonstrated at AMH level. Sildenafil was not effective on any parameter in the doxorubicin group. Sildenafil may be effective in reducing the gonadotoxicity associated with the use of cisplatin and cyclophosphamide.

A rare cause of postmenopausal bleeding: chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

OBJECTIVE: Postmenopausal bleeding has been reported in about 4-11% of menopausal women. The most common cause of postmenopausal bleeding is atrophy of the vaginal mucosa or endometrium. Endometrial hyperplasia, endometrial polyps, submucous leiomyomas and endometrial cancers are also known causes of postmenopausal bleeding. Here, we present a patient whose cause of postmenopausal vaginal bleeding was infiltration of the endometrium with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). CASE REPORT: A 78-year-old woman, who has been followed up with a diagnosis of CLL for 5 years, presented with a complaint of postmenopausal bleeding. After dilation and curettage, pathology revealed that the cause of the postmenopausal bleeding was CLL infiltration into the endometrium. CONCLUSION: Any involvement of the female genital organs in CLL is rare. Therefore, hematological malignancies should be considered in the differential diagnosis of postmenopausal bleeding.

Molecular and immunohistochemical evaluation of BAP-1 antibody in bladder cancer and comparison with luminal-basal subtyping.

AIM: Molecular subtyping has become increasingly important in bladder cancer, and it is mainly divided into "luminal" and "basal" types. Despite the large amount of studies about the molecular pathway of bladder cancer, there are few studies about BAP-1. The aim of this study is to evaluate the BAP-1 expression molecularly and immunohistochemically and compare it with GATA-3 and CK5/6 immunohistochemical stains. MATERIALS AND METHOD: A BAP-1 antibody was applied by western blotting to the tumor and normal tissues of 11 patients with known primary bladder tumors. The paraffin blocks of 150 non-invasive and 150 invasive tumor tissues were selected from transurethral resection materials. BAP-1, GATA-3, and CK5/6 immunohistochemical stains were applied to them, and the results were evaluated. RESULTS: The protein expression levels of BAP-1 increased more in the tumor tissues compared to the normal tissues. The immunohistochemical BAP-1 expression was strong in the muscle-invasive group. The immunohistochemical GATA-3 expression was higher in the non-invasive group, and the CK5/6 expression was higher in the muscle-invasive group. The GATA-3 and CK5/6 immunohistochemical stains had a negative correlation in the muscle-invasive group. The immunohistochemical expression of BAP-1 had no correlation with GATA-3 and CK5/6 in all groups. CONCLUSIONS: Molecular subtyping has become increasingly important in bladder cancer and it is mainly divided into "luminal" and "basal" type. Despite the large amount of studies about molecular pathway of the bladder cancer, there are a few studies about BAP-1. The aim of this study is to evaluate the BAP-1 expression molecularly and immunohistochemically and compare it with GATA-3 and CK5/6 immunohistochemical stains.

Platelet-rich plasma for laryngotracheal reconstruction: an experimental study.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: This study was designed to evaluate the graft healing effect of topical application of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) for laryngotracheal reconstruction (LTR) in a rabbit model. STUDY DESIGN: It is a prospective randomized control animal study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixteen healthy New Zealand White rabbits were assigned to two groups of eight animals each. The control group underwent LTR with anterior auricular cartilage graft. The PRP group underwent the same surgical procedure plus PRP application over the anastomosis and surgical field. Two animals in the PRP group and two animals in control group died due to severe respiratory distress on postoperative days 10, 12, 15, and 18. Six rabbits (n = 3 for control group and n = 3 for PRP group) were sacrificed at 4 weeks, and six rabbits (n = 3 for control group and n = 3 for PRP group) were sacrificed at 8 weeks. Laryngotracheal regions were evaluated histopathologically. RESULTS: Macroscopically, the average anteroposterior and lateral diameter of the reconstructed region and the degree of lumen patency on postoperative 4th week and 8th week were not statistically different among two groups. There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of any of the microscopic findings when the analysis was made separately. However, analysis of the total number of rabbits has shown that new cartilage formation and angiogenesis were more pronounced in PRP group than control group. CONCLUSIONS: Application of PRP contributed to better healing in airway surgery by promoting a release of growth factors that stimulate new cartilage formation and angiogenesis.

Comparison of FNAC and Histopathological Results for 4 cm or Larger Benign Thyroid Nodules.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) and histopathological results of thyroid nodules sized 4 cm or larger with benign cytology. STUDY DESIGN: Analytical study. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY: Health Science University Umraniye Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey. METHODOLOGY: Patients with thyroid nodule size 4 cm. or larger and benign FNAC results were included in the study. All patients' age, gender, size of nodule, results of FNAC, types of surgery and histopathological results of thyroid specimen were extracted from patients' files. RESULTS: Out of 720 patients, who underwent thyroidectomy between January 2009 and January 2018, 310 patients with a benign FNAC results, between the ages of 18 and 78 years, with nodule diameters ranging from 4 to 8.4 cm were included in the study. Of these 310 patients, 243 (78.4%) were females and 67 (21.6%) were males. In the final histopathological examination, thyroid carcinoma was detected in five of the cases (1.6%). CONCLUSION: The risk of malignancy in 4 cm and larger thyroid nodules with benign FNAC was as much as expected in other benign nodules.

Validation of microsatellite instability histology scores with Bethesda guidelines in hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer.

AIMS: Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) is a subgroup of colorectal cancer (CRC) which should be differentiated because of the high risk for additional cancers and risk evaluation for other family members, especially for CRC. It is not practical to perform genetic testing for all CRC patients; therefore, various prediction modalities, for example, Bethesda guideline (BG) were studied in the literature. We aimed to assess the association of microsatellite instability (MSI), histology scores, and BG for predicting HNPCC risk. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Data were collected from CRC patients between 2009 and 2012. A total of 127 patients were retrospectively reviewed for BG status and the MSI scores, MsPath, and PathScore. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: Definitive statistical methods (mean, standard deviation, median, frequency, and percentage) were used to evaluate the study data. Comparison used Student's t-test, Continuity (Yates) correction, Fisher-Freeman-Halton test, Pearson correlation, and receiver operating characteristics curve analysis. RESULTS: Patients who were detected as Bethesda-positive had significantly higher MsPath and PathScore scores (P = 0.001 and P = 0.007, respectively). According to the cut-off value of 2.8 and 2.9 for MsPath and PathScore, respectively, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy were 90%, 43%, 22.8%, 95.8%, and 50.4% for MsPath, and 55%, 83.2%, 37.9%, 90.8%, and 78.7% for PathScore, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The MSI scoring systems, MsPath, and PathScore, are reliable systems and effectively correlated with BG for predicting patients who need advanced analysis techniques because of the risk of HNPCC.

Viral Pneumonias in Forensic Autopsies: Evaluation and Classification of Histopathologic Changes With Microbiologic Correlation.

Lower respiratory infections are commonly due to viruses and are the third largest cause of death. Respiratory tract viruses have a tendency to target the specific regions in the lung and can harm the host via direct effect of the virus and the host's inflammatory response. In this study, relationships between morphologic changes in the lung and the viral agent type isolated in the lung by the polymerase chain reaction technique were investigated. This study was performed retrospectively at 113 autopsy cases in the Council of Forensic Medicine in Istanbul. Slides from the lung tissues diagnosed as interstitial pneumonia and detected viral agent in polymerase chain reaction were evaluated and reviewed under light microscope by 2 pathologists simultaneously according to predetermined bronchiolar, alveolar, and interstitial findings. Alveolar findings were detected in 108 cases (95.6%), whereas interstitial and bronchiolar findings were detected in 91 (80.5%) and 38 (33.6%) cases, respectively. Intra-alveolar edema was the most common alveolar finding. Some findings such as multinucleated syncytial cells and smudge cells can aid the search for etiologic agent. Interstitial inflammation was the most common histopathologic finding in the lung in viral infections and the most prominent clue to viral infections in the lung histopathologically without discrimination of viral agent type.

Metastatic malignant melanoma of the urinary bladder: A case report and review of the literature.

Metastatic bladder tumors constitute <5% of all bladder tumors and metastatic malignant melanoma of the urinary bladder is very rare. We present a case report of a metastatic malignant melanoma of the urinary bladder. A 70-year-old woman without any apparent significant clinical history was admitted to the Department of Urology for gross hematuria. Microscopic findings of the transurethral resection specimen revealed fascicles, sheets, and diffuse areas composed of oval and fusiform cells with focal pigmentation. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that the tumor cells were positive for human melanoma black-45, Melan-A, and S100, and negative for pancytokeratin. Subsequently, we contacted the patient and learned that she was admitted to the Department of Ophthalmology for painless and progressive visual field loss 15 years ago. She had been diagnosed with a primary ocular (uveal) melanoma. A detailed patient history coupled with histological and immunohistochemical findings were necessary to make the final diagnosis of metastatic melanoma.

Expression of Cox-2 and Bcl-2 in Paget's disease of the breast.

BACKGROUND: Paget's disease (PD) is a rare form of intraepithelial adenocarcinoma that involves breast and extramammarian tissues. It is often associated with ductal carcinoma in situ and/or invasive ductal cancer. Molecular pathways that play a role in development of Paget's disease are stil unclear. Expression patterns of Cox-2 and bcl-2 were therefore assessed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients with a histopathological diagnosis of Paget's disease were included in this study. Patient files were analysed retrospectively. RESULTS: Invasive cancer was diagnosed in 35 (76.1%) of the patients, 7 (15.2%) had ductal carcinoma in situ and 4 (8.7%) patients had no associated neoplasm. Twenty four (52.2%) patients showed COX-2 expression in Paget cells whereas no expression was seen in 22 (47.8%) patients. No relation was found between COX-2 expression and the lesion underlying Paget's disease (p=0.518). Bcl-2 expression in Paget cells was found positive in 12 (26.1%) and negative in 27 (58,7%) cases. There was no relation between Bcl-2 expression and the lesion accompanying Paget's disease (p=0.412). No relation was observed between COX-2 expression and Bcl-2 expression (p=0.389). CONCLUSIONS: In breast cancer, COX-2 expression is associated with poor prognostic factors. As COX-2 expression increases the tendency to metastasize also increases. In our study we found a significantly high COX-2 expression in Paget's disease of the breast. We suggest that COX-2 expression and inflammatory processes may play a role in pathogenesis of the Paget's disease of the breast.

Effects of polyquaternium- and benzalkonium-chloride-preserved travoprost on ocular surfaces: an impression cytology study.

PURPOSE: To compare the toxicity effect of polyquaternium (PQ) and benzalkonium chloride (BAK) preservation of travoprost on the ocular surface. METHODS: This prospective study included 44 eyes of 44 patients with newly diagnosed glaucoma. Twenty-two patients used PQ-preserved travoprost (PQ group) and 22 patients used BAK-preserved travoprost (BAK group). To investigate the effect on the ocular surface, conjunctival impression cytology (IC) was performed at baseline and the 1- and 6-month follow-up visits. Additionally, the ocular surface disease index (OSDI) questionnaire, Schirmer I test, and tear break-up time (TBUT) measurement were administered at baseline, and at 1-, 3-, and 6-month follow-up visits. RESULTS: While both groups showed statistically significant IC grade increases at 1 and 6 months when compared with baseline measurements, IC grades were significantly higher for patients using PQ-preserved travoprost compared with patients using BAK-preserved travoprost. The Schirmer I test and TBUT scores were not statistically significant between group 1 and BAK group at baseline and at 1-, 3-, and 6-month visits (P>0.05). OSDI scores did not statistically differ at baseline and the 1-month measurements between the 2 groups (P>0.05), but the 3- and 6-month OSDI scores were significantly higher for BAK group (P=0.001). Differences in OSDI and Schirmer I test scores were statistically significant at 1, 3, and 6 months in both groups as compared with baseline values (P<0.05). Statistically significant differences in the TBUT scores were seen for both groups at 3 and 6 months, while BAK group, but not PQ group, had insignificant score differences at 1 month as compared with baseline values of PQ group (P=0.083). CONCLUSION: PQ-preserved travoprost was found to be safer and better-tolerated than BAK-preserved travoprost. PQ-preserved travoprost provided better ocular surface comfort, and therefore a better patient experience, which would likely result in higher treatment compliance.

Significance of the cribriform pattern in prostatic adenocarcinomas.

INTRODUCTION: There is now increased understanding that invasive cribriform carcinoma is a relatively aggressive disease. In some recent publications, the recommendation is that all cribriform patterns be classified as Gleason pattern (GP) 4 rather than GP 3. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We assessed the cribriform foci (CF) associated with the more definitive patterns 3, 4, and 5 elsewhere on the 185 radical prostatectomy specimens and evaluated the association of the cribriform pattern with extraprostatic extension, surgical margin. RESULTS: CF were more frequently observed in cases with definitive patterns 4 and 5 than in cases with pattern 3 (all cases with pattern 5 exhibited CF). Cases with Gleason score 3+3 and CF were more frequently associated with extraprostatic extension, and a positive surgical margin. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate that diagnosing all cribriform patterns as at least GP 4 would significantly affect further therapeutic options and prognosis. However, as many of these modifications are empirical and supported by only a few studies, long-term follow-up studies with clinical endpoints are necessary to validate these recommendations.

Clinical significance of benign endometrial cells found in papanicolaou tests of Turkish women aged 40 years and older.

BACKGROUND: Spontaneously exfoliated benign-appearing endometrial cells (BEC) on a Papanicolaou smear might indicate endometrial pathology in postmenopausal women, necessitating further investigation. A cut-off age of 40 years was included in the Bethesda System 2001 based on studies of clinical significance of endometrial cells in Pap smears in Western countries. AIMS: The purpose of this study was to determine the significance of age subgroup for women with a cytological diagnosis of BEC, regardless of menopausal status, in a retrospective cohort of Turkish women. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between October 2006 and November 2011, 41 patients with a BEC diagnosis and 64 patients with a cytological diagnosis of normal smear (NS) were enrolled; regardless of menopausal status, these women were 40 years and older and for whom follow-up endometrial biopsies had been performed. RESULTS: On subsequent histopathologic evaluation, no malignant lesion was detected in women aged 40-50 years compared to three endometrioid-type adenocarcinomas in women older than 50 years with cytological diagnosis of BEC. There was a significant difference between women older than 50 years with cytologic diagnosis of BEC and NS in relation to premalignant lesions on histopathologic evaluation; however, this was not the case for women aged 40-50 years. CONCLUSIONS: According to our study, reporting BEC for women aged between 40 and 50 years has minor clinical significance but is significant for women older than 50 years, regardless of menopausal status. Larger sample size would be appropriate to confirm the results of the current study.

Endocervical glandular involvement, positive endocervical surgical margin and multicentricity are more often associated with high-grade than low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion.

AIM: The aim of this study was to compare the relative frequencies of endocervical glandular involvement (EGI), multicentricity, positive endocervical surgical margins (ESM) and positive vaginal surgical margins (VSM), and adenocarcinoma in situ of the cervix (AIS) between high-grade and low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL and LSIL, respectively). MATERIAL AND METHODS: We identified 238 patients with squamous intraepithelial lesions/cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) who were treated by loop electrocautery excision (LEEP) or conventional cold-knife conization (CKC). A total of 223 (72 [32.3%] LSIL/CIN I; 85 [38.1%] HSIL/CIN II; 66 [29.6%] HSIL/CIN III; and 151 [67.7%], HSIL/CIN II + III) LEEP/CKC slides were histologically reviewed. RESULTS: The frequencies of EGI, positive ESM, and multicentricity were significantly higher in the HSIL/CIN II + III group than in the LSIL/CIN I group (P = 0.001, 0.001, and 0.025, respectively). Eighteen of the 72 (25%) LSIL/CIN I patients, 44 of the 85 (51.8%) HSIL/CIN II patients, and 60 of the 66 (90.9%) HSIL/CIN III patients (P = 0.001) showed EGI. In four of the 72 (5.6%) LSIL/CIN I patients, 18 of the 85 (21.2%) HSIL/CIN II patients, and 42 of the 66 (63.6%) HSIL/CIN III patients (P = 0.001), ESM was positive. Two of the 72 (2.8%) LSIL/CIN I patients, seven of the 85 (8.2%) HSIL/CIN II patients, and 11 of the 66 (16.7%) HSIL/CIN III patients (P = 0.016) were multicentric. CONCLUSION: The current study showed that EGI, positive ESM and multicentricity were more often associated with HSIL/CIN II + III than with LSIL/CIN I. Moreover, the frequencies of EGI, multicentricity, and positive ESM increased with increasing severity of the cervical lesion. This result may influence the preference for the type of surgical procedure used for patients with cytological diagnosis of HSIL.