Prevalence of type 2 diabetes complications and its association with diet knowledge and skills and self-care barriers in Tabriz, Iran: A cross-sectional study.

Background and Aims: Diabetes can lead to multiple complications that can reduce the quality of life, impose additional costs on the healthcare systems and ultimately lead to premature death. Proper self-care in diabetic patients can impede or delay the onset of diabetes complications. This study aimed to investigate diabetes complications and their association with diet knowledge, skills, and self-care barriers. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. A total of 1139 patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) referring to health centers in Tabriz, Iran, were included from January to July 2019. Data were collected using two questionnaires: (1) a sociodemographic questionnaire and (2) a Personal Diabetes Questionnaire (PDQ). Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 22. χ 2 test was used to examine the association between the socioeconomic and disease-related variables and the prevalence of diabetes complications. T-test was used to examine the association between diet knowledge and skills, self-care barriers, and the incidence of diabetes complications. Results: In this study, 76.1% of patients had at least one complication, and 30.2% had a history of hospitalization due to diabetes complications during the past year. Approximately 49% and 43% were diagnosed with high blood pressure and hyperlipidemia, respectively. Cardiovascular disease was the most common diabetes complication (15.9%) and the cause of hospitalization (11.01%) in patients with diabetes. Barriers to diet adherence, blood glucose monitoring, and exercise were significantly associated with self-reported diabetes complications (p < 0.001). Our results showed no significant association between the number of complications and diet knowledge and skills (p = 0.44). Conclusion: This study indicated that the prevalence of diabetes complications was higher among patients with more barriers to self-care. In light of these findings, taking appropriate measures to reduce barriers to self-care can prevent or delay the onset of diabetes complications.

Direct and indirect cost of COVID-19 patients in Iran.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to estimate the cost of COVID-19 patients and some affecting factors in Iran. METHODS: This was a prevalence-based cost-of-illness study based on a bottom-up costing approach which was conducted from March 2020 to July 2020. Data were extracted from the hospital's Hospital Information System (HIS) and Cost-of-illness (COI) assessment checklist. Indirect costs were assessed based on the Human Capital Approach. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 22 and Microsoft EXCEL 2016. RESULTS: A total of 745 Covid-19 patients were included in the analysis. The mean total cost was estimated at 8813.15 (PPP, Current International $), accounting for 60% of GDP per capita. The mean direct and indirect cost was 3362.49 (PPP, Current International $) (38% of the total cost and 23% of the GDP per capita), and 5450.66 (PPP, Current International $) (62% of the total cost and 37% of the GDP per capita), respectively. The mean hospitalization cost was higher among patients who died and those who were covered by supplemental insurance. Also, the costs of disease experienced a dramatic rise with increasing age. For different scenarios in terms of outbreak rate, hospitalization rate and mortality rate, the total estimated cost of illness for Covid-19 ranged from 6263 million (PPP, Current International $) to 63,474 million (PPP, Current International $). CONCLUSIONS: Covid-19 imposes a substantial financial burden on people, health care systems, insurance organizations and the country's economy as a whole. Since the economic burden of this disease increases dramatically by increasing disease outbreak, more attention should be paid to the development and implementation of appropriate preventive programs.

The relationship between workplace deviant behaviors and organizational justice among nurses: A cross-sectional survey.

AIM: This study aimed to determine the correlations between workplace deviant behaviors (WDBs) and the levels of the perceived organizational justice among Iranian nurses. DESIGN: This was a cross-sectional quantitative research. METHODS: The present research was conducted on 424 nurses selected by a convenience sampling method in 2019 (May-August) in Tabriz, Iran. A self-administered questionnaire, including demographic information, organizational justice, and WDBs, was used for data collection. The data were analyzed using descriptive analysis, the Pearson correlation coefficient, and multiple linear regression analysis. RESULTS: Based on the findings, nurses had a moderate level of perception of organizational justice while having a low level of perception regarding the occurrence of WDBs. A significantly reverse correlation was found between perceived organizational justice and WDBs (r = -.295, p <.001). Eventually, the findings of multiple linear regression analysis indicated that the level of perceived organizational justice could significantly predict WDBs (the coefficient of determination, R2 = 0.111). CONCLUSION: The study findings confirmed the hypothesis that an improvement in the levels of organizational justice was related to a decrease in the occurrence of WDBs. Therefore, hospitals and nursing managers are suggested to build and maintain a supportive and healthy work environment to enhance the levels of perceived organizational justice and to minimize the incidence of WDBs. They should also address reward systems, organizational policies and procedures, interpersonal justice, and shared decision-making in this respect.