Guía ESC/EACTS 2017 sobre el tratamiento de las valvulopatías / No disponible

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Endocarditis infecciosa en adultos con cardiopatía congénita. Experiencia en un centro de referencia / Infective endocarditis in adult patients with congenital heart disease. Experience from a reference centre

INTRODUCCIÓN: Cada vez más pacientes con cardiopatía congénita alcanzan la edad adulta. Una complicación que pueden presentar es la endocarditis infecciosa (EI). Nuestro objetivo es describir las características de la EI en esta población en un centro de referencia. MÉTODOS: Estudio retrospectivo de una cohorte de pacientes mayores de 16 años afectos de una cardiopatía congénita diagnosticados de EI (definida por los criterios modificados de Duke) entre 1996 y 2014. Para el análisis descriptivo se consideró el primer episodio de cada paciente. RESULTADOS: Durante el periodo de estudio se incluyeron 27 pacientes con EI. Presentaban una edad mediana al diagnóstico de 27,7 años, predominio masculino (63%) y baja comorbilidad (índice de Charlson 0 de mediana). La adquisición fue mayoritariamente comunitaria (78%). La comunicación interventricular fue la cardiopatía subyacente más frecuente (33%). El 48% de los pacientes estaban reparados y el 19% paliados. El 41% de los pacientes eran portadores de material protésico. El 81% presentaban algún tipo de defecto residual. El 44% fueron endocarditis sobre cavidades derechas. Los microorganismos más frecuentes fueron estreptococos del grupo viridans (41%) y Staphylococcus epidermidis (30%). Un 37% requirió tratamiento quirúrgico. Hubo 5 reinfecciones y 3 recidivas. Dos pacientes fallecieron, ambos a consecuencia de una recidiva. CONCLUSIONES: La EI en adultos con cardiopatía congénita ocurrió en pacientes jóvenes, casi siempre con material protésico o lesiones residuales y con frecuencia en cavidades derechas. Aunque en muchos casos requirió tratamiento quirúrgico la mortalidad fue baja, excepto en el caso de las recidivas

INTRODUCTION: A growing number of patients with congenital heart disease (CHD) will reach adulthood. Infective endocarditis (IE) is a major complication in this population. The aim of this study was to describe the features of IE in adults with CHD treated in a reference centre. METHODS: A retrospective review was performed on a cohort of patients over 16 years of age with CHD who presented with IE (defined by the modified Duke criteria) between 1996 and 2014. Only the first episode from each patient was considered for the descriptive analysis. RESULTS: IE was observed in 27 patients. The median age at diagnosis of IE was 27.7 years, and 63% were male. Comorbidity was low (median Charlson index was 0). IE was mostly community-acquired (78%). The most frequent CHD were ventricular septal defect (33%). A repair was performed in 48% of patients, and 19% received palliative treatment. Forty-one percent of patients had some type of prosthesis. A residual defect was observed in 81%. The IE was detected in the right side of 44% of the patients. The most frequent aetiological agents were viridans group streptococci (41%) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (30%). Surgery was required to treat IE in 37% of patients. There were five re-infections and three relapses. Two patients died, both as a result of recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: IE in adults with CHD occurred in young patients, and almost all of them carried some prosthetic material or a residual defect. The IE is frequently right-sided. Although surgical treatment was required in many cases, mortality was low, except in the case of relapses

[Infective endocarditis in adult patients with congenital heart disease. Experience from a reference centre]. / Endocarditis infecciosa en adultos con cardiopatía congénita. Experiencia en un centro de referencia.

INTRODUCTION: A growing number of patients with congenital heart disease (CHD) will reach adulthood. Infective endocarditis (IE) is a major complication in this population. The aim of this study was to describe the features of IE in adults with CHD treated in a reference centre. METHODS: A retrospective review was performed on a cohort of patients over 16 years of age with CHD who presented with IE (defined by the modified Duke criteria) between 1996 and 2014. Only the first episode from each patient was considered for the descriptive analysis. RESULTS: IE was observed in 27 patients. The median age at diagnosis of IE was 27.7 years, and 63% were male. Comorbidity was low (median Charlson index was 0). IE was mostly community-acquired (78%). The most frequent CHD were ventricular septal defect (33%). A repair was performed in 48% of patients, and 19% received palliative treatment. Forty-one percent of patients had some type of prosthesis. A residual defect was observed in 81%. The IE was detected in the right side of 44% of the patients. The most frequent aetiological agents were viridans group streptococci (41%) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (30%). Surgery was required to treat IE in 37% of patients. There were five re-infections and three relapses. Two patients died, both as a result of recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: IE in adults with CHD occurred in young patients, and almost all of them carried some prosthetic material or a residual defect. The IE is frequently right-sided. Although surgical treatment was required in many cases, mortality was low, except in the case of relapses.

Guía ESC 2015 sobre el tratamiento de la endocarditis infecciosa / 2015 ESC guidelines for the management of infective endocarditis

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¿Son iguales todas las prótesis? ¿Prótesis diferentes para indicaciones diferentes? / Are all prostheses equal? Different prostheses for different indications?

El implante valvular aórtico transcatéter es actualmente una opción terapéutica aceptada para pacientes con estenosis aórtica grave sintomática y alto riesgo quirúrgico. En particular, se ha demostrado en ensayos aleatorizados que el implante valvular aórtico transcatéter reduce la mortalidad respecto al tratamiento médico de pacientes inoperables y que es no inferior a la cirugía convencional para pacientes de alto riesgo quirúrgico. Desde sus inicios, el implante valvular aórtico transcatéter mostró tener un gran potencial, por lo que se ha puesto mucho interés en diseñar nuevos dispositivos con el objetivo de mejorar los resultados e incrementar las indicaciones en anatomías cada vez más complejas y en pacientes con múltiples comorbilidades. En esta revisión, se presentan los avances en el diseño de nuevas prótesis transcatéter y se discute la evidencia actual sobre estas prótesis de nueva generación (AU)

Transcatheter aortic valve implantation has become an accepted treatment option for patients with severe symptomatic aortic stenosis who are at a high surgical risk. In particular, randomized trials have shown that the technique is associated with lower mortality in inoperable patients than medical treatment and is noninferior to conventional surgery in patients at a high surgical risk. From its inception, transcatheter aortic valve implantation has shown great potential and, consequently, considerable effort has been devoted to designing new devices that can provide better outcomes and that can expand indications to ever more complex anatomies and to patients with multiple comorbidities. This review describes developments in the design of novel transcatheter prostheses and discusses recent findings with the application of these new-generation prostheses (AU)

Epidemiología de la endocarditis infecciosa en España en los últimos 20 años / Epidemiology of infective endocarditis in Spain in the last 20 years

La endocarditis infecciosa es una enfermedad poco frecuente, con una incidencia estimada de entre 3,1 y 3,7 episodios cada 100.000 habitantes y año, que es máxima en personas de edad avanzada. Los microorganismos que más frecuentemente causan la infección son las diferentes especies de estafilococos y estreptococos. En las últimas décadas ha cambiado el espectro de las cardiopatías que predisponen a padecer una endocarditis, ya que las cardiopatías degenerativas son las valvulopatías más frecuentes y ha aumentado de manera notable el número de pacientes con endocarditis infecciosa sin valvulopatía conocida previamente. Por otro lado, hasta un tercio de los pacientes con endocarditis infecciosa adquieren la infección como consecuencia de un contacto estrecho con el sistema sanitario, y estos pacientes son más frágiles, hecho que condiciona una mayor mortalidad hospitalaria. Como consecuencia de estos importantes cambios epidemiológicos, la profilaxis antibiótica es capaz de prevenir pocos casos de endocarditis infecciosa. Pese a indudables avances en el tratamiento médico y quirúrgico, la mortalidad hospitalaria de los pacientes con endocarditis infecciosa es elevada. Aun así, hay margen de mejora en la prevención de bacteriemias hospitalarias, la detección precoz de la infección en pacientes con riesgo conocido, la identificación rápida de enfermos con mayor riesgo de complicaciones y la formación de equipos multidisciplinarios para el manejo de esta enfermedad(AU)

Infective endocarditis is an uncommon disease, with an estimated incidence of 3.1 to 3.7 episodes per 100 000 inhabitants/year. The incidence is highest in elderly people. The microorganisms most frequently isolated in infective endocarditis are staphylococci and streptococci. In the last few decades, the spectrum of heart diseases predisposing to infective endocarditis has changed, since degenerative heart disease is the most common valve disease, and there are an increasing number of infective endocarditis patients without previously known valve disease. In addition, up to one-third of infective endocarditis patients become infected through contact with the health system. These patients are more frail, which leads to higher in-hospital mortality. As a result of substantial epidemiological changes, few cases of infective endocarditis can be prevented by antibiotic prophylaxis. Despite advances in medical and surgical treatment, in-hospital mortality among infective endocarditis patients is high. Nevertheless, there is room for improvement in reducing the rate of nosocomial bacteremia, the prompt diagnosis of infective endocarditis in at-risk patients, and the early identification of patients with a highest risk of complications, as well as in the creation of multidisciplinary teams for the management of this disease(AU)

Epidemiology of infective endocarditis in Spain in the last 20 years.

Infective endocarditis is an uncommon disease, with an estimated incidence of 3.1 to 3.7 episodes per 100 000 inhabitants/year. The incidence is highest in elderly people. The microorganisms most frequently isolated in infective endocarditis are staphylococci and streptococci. In the last few decades, the spectrum of heart diseases predisposing to infective endocarditis has changed, since degenerative heart disease is the most common valve disease, and there are an increasing number of infective endocarditis patients without previously known valve disease. In addition, up to one-third of infective endocarditis patients become infected through contact with the health system. These patients are more frail, which leads to higher in-hospital mortality. As a result of substantial epidemiological changes, few cases of infective endocarditis can be prevented by antibiotic prophylaxis. Despite advances in medical and surgical treatment, in-hospital mortality among infective endocarditis patients is high. Nevertheless, there is room for improvement in reducing the rate of nosocomial bacteremia, the prompt diagnosis of infective endocarditis in at-risk patients, and the early identification of patients with a highest risk of complications, as well as in the creation of multidisciplinary teams for the management of this disease.

Ámbito de actuación de la cardiología en los nuevos escenarios clínicos. Documento de consenso de la Sociedad Española de Cardiología / The scope of cardiological competence in new clinical settings. Spanish Society of Cardiology Consensus Document

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