RESUMO
RESUMEN ANTECEDENTES: la hemorragia obstétrica sobreviene en 3% de los nacimientos y en Estados Unidos es responsable de 18% de las causas de muerte obstétrica. En 2012 fue la segunda causa de muerte materna en México. La predicción del riesgo de hemorragia es compleja porque solo 40% de las pacientes tiene algún factor de riesgo identificado. La conducta activa del tercer periodo del trabajo de parto es la única medida útil demostrada por diferentes estudios para prevenir la hemorragia. OBJETIVO: determinar la tasa de hemorragia e histerectomía obstétricas y muertes maternas relacionadas. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: estudio retrospectivo y descriptivo efectuado mediante el análisis de los expedientes clínicos de pacientes atendidas de parto o cesárea en el Hospital Central Ignacio Morones Prieto de San Luis Potosí, SLP, entre los meses de enero de 2011 a octubre de 2015, y que tuvieron hemorragia o histerectomía obstétricas. Criterios de inclusión: pacientes con diagnóstico de hemorragia e histerectomía obstétricas y muerte materna en este hospital. Criterios de exclusión: hemorragias o histerectomías efectuadas en otros hospitales y expedientes incompletos. RESULTADOS: se atendieron 27,158 nacimientos; de estos 19,569 por parto y 7,589 por cesárea (28%). Se registraron 657 casos de hemorragia (tasa 2.4) y 58 histerectomías obstétricas. Las principales causas de la hemorragia obstétrica fueron: atonía uterina (36.2%), acretismo placentario (32.7%) y placenta previa más acretismo placentario (12%). Hubo 125 ingresos a la unidad de cuidados intensivos por hemorragia obstétrica y una muerte materna relacionada. CONCLUSIONES: la tasa de hemorragia obstétrica de 2.4 es indicativa del incremento en el número de cesáreas y la consecuente asociación con el acretismo placentario que reemplazó a la atonía uterina como primera causa de histerectomía obstétrica.
ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Obstetric hemorrhage occurs in 3% of births. It is responsible for 18% of causes of death in US. In 2012 was the second leading cause of maternal death in Mexico. There is difficulty in predicting the risk of bleeding because only 40% of patients have some risk factor identified. Active management of the 3rd period of labor has been the only useful measure demonstrated by different studies to prevent obstetric hemorrhage. OBJECTIVE: The aim was to determine the rate of obstetric hemorrhage, obstetric hysterectomy and maternal deaths related to our hospital. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective study conducting search of medical records of Central Hospital Ignacio Morones Prieto in San Luis Potosi, of women who childbirth attended or cesarean section from January 2011 to October 2015, which presented obstetric hemorrhage, and as hysterectomy for uterine atony. Having as inclusion criteria patients diagnosed with obstetric hemorrhage and obstetric hysterectomy performed in this hospital between the above dates. And searching the number of direct maternal deaths. Exclusion criteria hysterectomies performed in other hospitals and incomplete records. RESULTS: From January 2012 to December 2015 a total of 21.648 births were 19,569 births, 7,589 Caesarean sections, were treated a total of 657 obstetric hemorrhage were presented, with a rate of 2.4 obstetric hemorrhage during the study time. There were 53 obstetric hysterectomies. It is the main cause obstetric hemorrhage: 36.2% uterine atony, 32.7% placenta accreta, and 12% placenta accreta plus placenta praevia. There were 125 income Intensive Care Unit for Obstetric Hemorrhage and 1 maternal death related to it. CONCLUSIONS: The rate of obstetric hemorrhage HCIMP is 2.4 during the study time. The increase in the number of cesareans and subsequent association with acretism has been replacing the uterine atonia as first causa of obstetric hysterectomy in our hospital.