Nódulos esplénicos como signo guía de leishmaniasis visceral en población infantil / Splenic nodules as guiding signs in pediatric population with visceral leishmaniasis

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Dietary Patterns, Eating Behavior, and Nutrient Intakes of Spanish Preschool Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders.

Eating behavior problems are characteristic of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) with a highly restricted range of food choices, which may pose an associated risk of nutritional problems. Hence, detailed knowledge of the dietary patterns (DPs) and nutrient intakes of ASD patients is necessary to carry out intervention strategies if required. The present study aimed to determine the DPs and macro-and micronutrient intakes in a sample of Spanish preschool children with ASD compared to typically developing control children. Fifty-four children with ASD (two to six years of age) diagnosed with ASD according to the Diagnostic Manual-5 criteria), and a control group of 57 typically developing children of similar ages were recruited. A validated food frequency questionnaire was used, and the intake of energy and nutrients was estimated through three non-consecutive 24-h dietary registrations. DPs were assessed using principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering analysis. Children with ASD exhibited a DP characterized by high energy and fat intakes and a low intake of vegetables and fruits. Likewise, meat intake of any type, both lean and fatty, was associated with higher consumption of fish and dietary fat. Furthermore, the increased consumption of dairy products was associated with increased consumption of cereals and pasta. In addition, they had frequent consumption of manufactured products with poor nutritional quality, e.g., beverages, sweets, snacks and bakery products. The percentages of children with ASD complying with the adequacy of nutrient intakes were higher for energy, saturated fat, calcium, and vitamin C, and lower for iron, iodine, and vitamins of group B when compared with control children. In conclusion, this study emphasizes the need to assess the DPs and nutrient intakes of children with ASD to correct their alterations and discard some potential nutritional diseases.

Plasma Adipokines Profile in Prepubertal Children with a History of Prematurity or Extrauterine Growth Restriction.

Adipose tissue programming could be developed in very preterm infants with extrauterine growth restriction (EUGR), with an adverse impact on long-term metabolic status, as was studied in intrauterine growth restriction patterns. The aim of this cohort study was to evaluate the difference in levels of plasma adipokines in children with a history of EUGR. A total of 211 school age prepubertal children were examined: 38 with a history of prematurity and EUGR (EUGR), 50 with a history of prematurity with adequate growth (PREM), and 123 healthy children born at term. Anthropometric parameters, blood pressure, metabolic markers and adipokines (adiponectin, resistin, leptin) were measured. Children with a history of EUGR showed lower values of adiponectin (µg/mL) compared with the other two groups: (EUGR: 10.6 vs. PREM: 17.7, p < 0.001; vs. CONTROL: 25.7, p = 0.004) and higher levels of resistin (ng/mL) (EUGR: 19.2 vs. PREM: 16.3, p =0.007; vs. CONTROL: 7.1, p < 0.001. The PREM group showed the highest values of leptin (ng/mL), compared with the others: PREM: 4.9 vs. EUGR: 2.1, p = 0.048; vs. CONTROL: 3.2, p = 0.029). In conclusion, EUGR in premature children could lead to a distinctive adipokines profile, likely associated with an early programming of the adipose tissue, and likely to increase the risk of adverse health outcomes later in life.

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) with and without Mental Regression is Associated with Changes in the Fecal Microbiota.

New microbiome sequencing technologies provide novel information about the potential interactions among intestinal microorganisms and the host in some neuropathologies as autism spectrum disorders (ASD). The microbiota⁻gut⁻brain axis is an emerging aspect in the generation of autistic behaviors; evidence from animal models suggests that intestinal microbial shifts may produce changes fitting the clinical picture of autism. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the fecal metagenomic profiles in children with ASD and compare them with healthy participants. This comparison allows us to ascertain how mental regression (an important variable in ASD) could influence the intestinal microbiota profile. For this reason, a subclassification in children with ASD by mental regression (AMR) and no mental regression (ANMR) phenotype was performed. The present report was a descriptive observational study. Forty-eight children aged 2⁻6 years with ASD were included: 30 with ANMR and 18 with AMR. In addition, a control group of 57 normally developing children was selected and matched to the ASD group by sex and age. Fecal samples were analyzed with a metagenomic approach using a next-generation sequencing platform. Several differences between children with ASD, compared with the healthy group, were detected. Namely, Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria at phylum level, as well as, Actinobacteria, Bacilli, Erysipelotrichi, and Gammaproteobacteria at class level were found at higher proportions in children with ASD. Additionally, Proteobacteria levels showed to be augmented exclusively in AMR children. Preliminary results, using a principal component analysis, showed differential patterns in children with ASD, ANMR and AMR, compared to healthy group, both for intestinal microbiota and food patterns. In this study, we report, higher levels of Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria and Bacilli, aside from Erysipelotrichi, and Gammaproteobacteria in children with ASD compared to healthy group. Furthermore, AMR children exhibited higher levels of Proteobacteria. Further analysis using these preliminary results and mixing metagenomic and other "omic" technologies are needed in larger cohorts of children with ASD to confirm these intestinal microbiota changes.

Biomarcadores cardiacos en el síndrome de bajo gasto cardiaco en el posoperatorio de cirugía de cardiopatías congénitas en niños / Cardiac biomarkers of low cardiac output syndrome in the postoperative period after congenital heart disease surgery in children

Introducción y objetivos: Determinar el valor del péptido natriurético auricular, el péptido natriurético cerebral, la copeptina, la región medial de la proadrenomedulina (MR-proADM) y la troponina I cardiaca (cTn-I) como indicadores de síndrome de bajo gasto cardiaco posoperatorio en niños con cardiopatía congénita intervenidos en circulación extracorpórea (CEC).Métodos: Estudio piloto prospectivo observacional, realizado durante 2 años, que incluyó a 117 niños (edad, 10 días-180 meses) intervenidos de cardiopatías congénitas en CEC, clasificados según presentaran o no síndrome de bajo gasto cardiaco. Los biomarcadores se determinaron tras 2, 12, 24 y 48 h del posoperatorio. Se utilizó un modelo de regresión logística multivariable para evaluar los factores asociados al bajo gasto cardiaco. Resultados: Tenían síndrome de bajo gasto cardiaco 33 pacientes (29%). Tras el ajuste por las demás variables, los valores plasmáticos de cTn-I > 14 ng/ml a las 2 h de CEC (odds ratio = 4,05; intervalo de confianza del 95%, 1,29-12,64; p = 0,016) y de MR-proADM > 1,5 nmol/l a las 24 h (odds ratio = 15,54; intervalo de confianza del 95%, 4,41-54,71; p < 0,001) fueron los únicos predictores independientes de bajo gasto cardiaco.Conclusiones: Los resultados indican que las concentraciones de cTn-I elevadas 2 h después de la CEC son, por sí solas, un predictor independiente de síndrome de bajo gasto cardiaco. Este valor predictivo se incrementa cuando se asocia con cifras de MR-proADM elevadas 24 h tras CEC. Estos 2 biomarcadores cardiacos podrían ayudar en la toma de decisiones terapéuticas en cuidados intensivos pediátricos, incluidas modificaciones en el tipo de soporte circulatorio (AU)

Introduction and objectives: To assess the predictive value of atrial natriuretic peptide, β-type natriuretic peptide, copeptin, mid-regional pro-adrenomedullin (MR-proADM) and cardiac troponin I (cTn-I) as indicators of low cardiac output syndrome in children with congenital heart disease undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Methods: After corrective surgery for congenital heart disease under CPB, 117 children (aged 10 days to 180 months) were enrolled in a prospective observational pilot study during a 2-year period. The patients were classified according to whether they developed low cardiac output syndrome. Biomarker levels were measured at 2, 12, 24, and 48 hours post-CPB. The clinical data and outcome variables were analyzed by a multiple logistic regression model. Results: Thirty-three (29%) patients developed low cardiac output syndrome (group 1) and the remaining 84 (71%) patients were included in group 2. cTn-I levels > 14 ng/mL at 2 hours after CPB (OR, 4.05; 95%CI, 1.29-12.64; P = .016) and MR-proADM levels > 1.5 nmol/L at 24 hours following CPB (OR, 15.54; 95%CI, 4.41-54.71; P < .001) were independent predictors of low cardiac output syndrome. Conclusions: Our results suggest that cTn-I at 2 hours post-CPB is, by itself, an evident independent early predictor of low cardiac output syndrome. This predictive capacity is, moreover, reinforced when cTn-I is combined with MR-proADM levels at 24 hours following CPB. These 2 cardiac biomarkers would aid in therapeutic decision-making in clinical practice and would also enable clinicians to modify the type of support to be used in the pediatric intensive care unit (AU)