Genomic detection of a virus lineage replacement event of dengue virus serotype 2 in Brazil, 2019.

BACKGROUND Despite efforts to mitigate the impact of dengue virus (DENV) epidemics, the virus remains a public health problem in tropical and subtropical regions around the world. Most DENV cases in the Americas between January and July 2019 were reported in Brazil. São Paulo State in the southeast of Brazil has reported nearly half of all DENV infections in the country. OBJECTIVES To understand the origin and dynamics of the 2019 DENV outbreak. METHODS Here using portable nanopore sequencing we generated20 new DENV genome sequences from viremic patients with suspected dengue infection residing in two of the most-affected municipalities of São Paulo State, Araraquara and São José do Rio Preto. We conducted a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis with 1,630 global DENV strains to better understand the evolutionary history of the DENV lineages that currently circulate in the region. FINDINGS The new outbreak strains were classified as DENV2 genotype III (American/Asian genotype). Our analysis shows that the 2019 outbreak is the result of a novel DENV lineage that was recently introduced to Brazil from the Caribbean region. Dating phylogeographic analysis suggests that DENV2-III BR-4 was introduced to Brazil in or around early 2014, possibly from the Caribbean region. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Our study describes the early detection of a newly introduced and rapidly-expanding DENV2 virus lineage in Brazil.

Genomic detection of a virus lineage replacement event of dengue virus serotype 2 in Brazil, 2019

BACKGROUND Despite efforts to mitigate the impact of dengue virus (DENV) epidemics, the virus remains a public health problem in tropical and subtropical regions around the world. Most DENV cases in the Americas between January and July 2019 were reported in Brazil. São Paulo State in the southeast of Brazil has reported nearly half of all DENV infections in the country. OBJECTIVES To understand the origin and dynamics of the 2019 DENV outbreak. METHODS Here using portable nanopore sequencing we generated20 new DENV genome sequences from viremic patients with suspected dengue infection residing in two of the most-affected municipalities of São Paulo State, Araraquara and São José do Rio Preto. We conducted a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis with 1,630 global DENV strains to better understand the evolutionary history of the DENV lineages that currently circulate in the region. FINDINGS The new outbreak strains were classified as DENV2 genotype III (American/Asian genotype). Our analysis shows that the 2019 outbreak is the result of a novel DENV lineage that was recently introduced to Brazil from the Caribbean region. Dating phylogeographic analysis suggests that DENV2-III BR-4 was introduced to Brazil in or around early 2014, possibly from the Caribbean region. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Our study describes the early detection of a newly introduced and rapidly-expanding DENV2 virus lineage in Brazil.

[Arsenic Intake: Impact in Human Nutrition and Health]. / Ingesta de arsénico: el impacto en la alimentación y la salud humana.

Arsenic is an element that is widely distributed throughout the environment. Its compounds are mainly in the state of pentavalent and trivalent oxidation; and in inorganic and organic forms. Arsenical species vary in their degree of toxicity, with inorganic compounds being more toxic than organic and trivalent compounds more toxic than pentavalent compounds. There would be interconversion between the less toxic species and other more toxic species and the cooking and processing methods could affect it. Arsenic is a carcinogenic agent and causes multiple negative effects on human health in the short and long term. Non-occupational human exposure to arsenic occurs mainly through water and food. The regulation is variable for each country and is based on WHO standards, the Codex Alimentarius, and the European Union. Many studies focus on determining the total arsenic content but do not identify arsenical species in foods. Globally, fish and seafood, chicken, meat, rice, and seaweed have high levels of arsenic. In Peru, there are few studies on total arsenic content and arsenical species in food despite the fact that we have areas with high levels of environmental contamination. The objective of this review is to discuss exposure to arsenic through food and water intake, related regulations, toxicity, consequences on human health and main foods that contribute to its intake.

El arsénico es un elemento que se encuentra ampliamente distribuido en todo el medio ambiente. Sus compuestos se hallan principalmente en estado de oxidación pentavalente y trivalente; y en formas inorgánicas y orgánicas. Las especies arsenicales varían en su grado de toxicidad, siendo los compuestos inorgánicos más tóxicos que los orgánicos, y los compuestos trivalentes más tóxicos que los pentavalentes. Habría interconversión entre las especies menos tóxicas a otras más toxicas y los métodos de cocción y de procesamiento podrían afectarla. El arsénico es un agente carcinogénico y ocasiona múltiples efectos negativos sobre la salud humana a corto y largo plazo. La exposición humana no ocupacional al arsénico se da principalmente por agua y alimentos. La normativa es variable para cada país, y se basa en los estándares de la OMS, Codex Alimentarius y la Unión Europea. Muchos estudios se enfocan en determinar el contenido total de arsénico mas no identifican las especies arsenicales en alimentos. A nivel global, pescado y mariscos, pollo, carnes, arroz y algas marinas tienen niveles elevados de arsénico. En Perú, hay escasos estudios sobre contenido de arsénico total y especies arsenicales en alimentos a pesar que tenemos zonas con altos niveles de contaminación ambiental. El objetivo de esta revisión es discutir la exposición al arsénico a través de la ingesta de alimentos y agua, la normativa relacionada, toxicidad, consecuencias en la salud humana y principales alimentos que contribuyen a su ingesta.

Ingesta de arsénico: el impacto en la alimentación y la salud humana / Arsenic Intake: Impact in Human Nutrition and Health

RESUMEN El arsénico es un elemento que se encuentra ampliamente distribuido en todo el medio ambiente. Sus compuestos se hallan principalmente en estado de oxidación pentavalente y trivalente; y en formas inorgánicas y orgánicas. Las especies arsenicales varían en su grado de toxicidad, siendo los compuestos inorgánicos más tóxicos que los orgánicos, y los compuestos trivalentes más tóxicos que los pentavalentes. Habría interconversión entre las especies menos tóxicas a otras más toxicas y los métodos de cocción y de procesamiento podrían afectarla. El arsénico es un agente carcinogénico y ocasiona múltiples efectos negativos sobre la salud humana a corto y largo plazo. La exposición humana no ocupacional al arsénico se da principalmente por agua y alimentos. La normativa es variable para cada país, y se basa en los estándares de la OMS, Codex Alimentarius y la Unión Europea. Muchos estudios se enfocan en determinar el contenido total de arsénico mas no identifican las especies arsenicales en alimentos. A nivel global, pescado y mariscos, pollo, carnes, arroz y algas marinas tienen niveles elevados de arsénico. En Perú, hay escasos estudios sobre contenido de arsénico total y especies arsenicales en alimentos a pesar que tenemos zonas con altos niveles de contaminación ambiental. El objetivo de esta revisión es discutir la exposición al arsénico a través de la ingesta de alimentos y agua, la normativa relacionada, toxicidad, consecuencias en la salud humana y principales alimentos que contribuyen a su ingesta.

ABSTRACT Arsenic is an element that is widely distributed throughout the environment. Its compounds are mainly in the state of pentavalent and trivalent oxidation; and in inorganic and organic forms. Arsenical species vary in their degree of toxicity, with inorganic compounds being more toxic than organic and trivalent compounds more toxic than pentavalent compounds. There would be interconversion between the less toxic species and other more toxic species and the cooking and processing methods could affect it. Arsenic is a carcinogenic agent and causes multiple negative effects on human health in the short and long term. Non-occupational human exposure to arsenic occurs mainly through water and food. The regulation is variable for each country and is based on WHO standards, the Codex Alimentarius, and the European Union. Many studies focus on determining the total arsenic content but do not identify arsenical species in foods. Globally, fish and seafood, chicken, meat, rice, and seaweed have high levels of arsenic. In Peru, there are few studies on total arsenic content and arsenical species in food despite the fact that we have areas with high levels of environmental contamination. The objective of this review is to discuss exposure to arsenic through food and water intake, related regulations, toxicity, consequences on human health and main foods that contribute to its intake.

Representações sociais do HIV/AIDS: buscando os sentidos construídos por idosos / Representaciones sociales de VIH/SIDA: buscando los sentidos construyeron para el la mayor persona / Social representations of the HIV/AIDS: searching for the senses built for elderly

Conhecer as representações sociais do idoso frente ao HIV/AIDS. Método: Estudo exploratório, de abordagem qualitativa, realizado com 247 idosos, usuários dos Serviços de Saúde da Atenção Básica. Os dados foram coletados por uma entrevista constituída por questões referentes à caracterização dos sujeitos e o teste de associação livre de palavras, com um estímulo indutor: HIV/AIDS. Os dados empíricos foram analisados pelo software Alceste e interpretados subsidiado na Teoria das Representações Sociais. Resultados: Os idosos associam ao HIV/AIDS discriminação, camisinha, amor, tristeza, preocupação e prevenção. Conclusão: O HIV/AIDS representa para os idosos discriminação e indicam o uso da camisinha como forma de prevenção.

Conocer las representaciones sociales de los ancianos con el VIH / SIDA. Método: Estudio exploratorio abordaje cualitativo, realizado con 247 ancianos de la Salud los usuarios de Servicios de Atención Primaria de Salud. Los datos fueron recogidos por una entrevista que consta de preguntas relativas a la caracterización de los sujetos y el test de asociación libre de palabras, con un estímulo inductivo: el VIH/SIDA. Los datos empíricos fueron analizados por Alceste subsidiado e interpretado en la Teoría de las Representaciones Sociales. Resultados: Los ancianos asocian VIH / SIDA discriminación, condón, amor, tristeza, preocupación y prevención. Conclusiones: El VIH/SIDA representa para los ancianos discriminación e indican el uso del condón como prevención.

Objetive: To know the social representations of the elderly front to HIV/AIDS. Methods: Exploratory study qualitative approach was conducted with 247 elderly users of the Services of Health of Basic Attention. Data were collected by an interview consisting of questions concerning the characterization of free association test of words: HIV/AIDS. Empirical data were analyzed with software Alceste subsidized and interpreted in the Theory of Social Representations. Results: The elderly associated with HIV/AIDS discrimination, condom, love, sadness, worry and prevention. Conclusion: The HIV/AIDS represents for the elderly discrimination and suggest the use of condoms as prevention.