Epidemiological Situation of Monkeypox Transmission by Possible Sexual Contact: A Systematic Review.

Monkeypox (MPX), a zoonotic infection caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV), has re-emerged worldwide with numerous confirmed cases with person-to-person transmission through close contacts, including in sexual networks. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the epidemiological situation of monkeypox transmission by possible sexual contact. A systematic literature review was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase databases until 18 August 2022. The key search terms used were "monkeypox", "sexual contact", "sexual intercourse" and "sexual transmission". A total of 1291 articles were retrieved using the search strategy. After eliminating duplicates (n = 738) and examining by title, abstract, and full text, 28 studies reporting case reports of monkeypox with a detailed description of clinical features, sexually transmitted diseases, method of diagnosis, location and course of skin lesions, and treatment were included. A total of 4222 confirmed cases of monkeypox have been reported, of which 3876 monkeypox cases are the result of transmission by sexual contact distributed in twelve countries: 4152 cases were male with a mean age of 36 years. All confirmed cases of monkeypox were diagnosed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The most frequent clinical manifestations were fever, lymphadenopathy, headache, malaise, and painful perianal and genital lesions. The most frequent locations of the lesions were perianal, genital, oral, trunk, upper and lower extremities. Patients were in good clinical condition, with treatment based on analgesics and antipyretics to relieve some symptoms of monkeypox. A high proportion of STIs and frequent anogenital symptoms were found, suggesting transmissibility through local inoculation during close skin-to-skin or mucosal contact during sexual activity. The highest risk of monkeypox transmission occurs in men who have sex with men, and MPXV DNA could be recovered in seminal fluid. It is essential to establish health policies for the early detection and management of patients with monkeypox.

Examen Nacional de Medicina (ENAM): Análisis de la última década de evaluaciones teóricas en los futuros médicos del Perú

Objetivos : Evaluar las notas del Examen Nacional de Medicina(ENAM) que sirvieron a médicos recién egresados para postular al servicio rural peruano entre 2009-2019. Materiales y Métodos : Estudio analítico, retrospectivo donde se realizó un análisis secundario de los registros a las convocatorias del Servicio Rural Urbano Marginal en Salud en Perú(SERUMS) entre los años 2009-2019. Se midió la frecuencia de los postulantes a plazas del SERUMS y la mediana de la nota del ENAM; cada uno de estos datos se presentó según distintas características, aplicando modelos bivariados y multivariados para obtener las razones de prevalencias. Resultados : Se evaluó a un total de 30750 médicos, donde 9087,17607 y 4056 fueron egresados de universidades públicas, privadas y del extranjero, respectivamente. El 43% del total de médicos inscritos al SERUMS desaprobaron el ENAM. Los porcentajes de desaprobados según universidades públicas, privadas y del extranjero fue 31%,34% y 79% respectivamente. En el análisis multivariado se encontró que desaprobaban en mayor frecuencia los que eran de universidades privadas (RPa:1,42;IC95%:1,37-1,47;valor p<0,001), los que estudiaron en una universidad de Lima Metropolitana (RPa:1,18;IC95%:1,14-1,22;valor p<0,001), y los que egresaban de universidades del extranjero. Conclusiones : Se evidenció un aumento de médicos que realizan el SERUMS, donde un gran porcentaje desaprobaban el ENAM, especialmente aquellos médicos egresados de universidades privadas que se encontraban en Lima Metropolitana y de universidades del extranjero; resultados que sugieren que un gran porcentaje de médicos que hacen el servicio rural no están debidamente capacitados, al menos en el aspecto teórico que es lo que mide el ENAM.

Objectives: To assess grades from the National Medical Exam (ENAM, according to its Spanish initials) that serve to last year medical students as a prerequisite to apply for places in Peruvian Medical Rural Service (SERUMS, according to its Spanish initials) between 2009 and 2019. Materials and Methods: This is an analytical retrospective study where a secondary analysis of registries for applying to the Peruvian Medical Rural Service (SERUMS) between years 2009 and 2019. Number of applicants to SERUMS places were determined, together with median values of ENAM results. Each of these pieces of information were presented according to different characteristics. Bivariate and multivariate models were used for obtaining prevalence rates. Results: More than thirty thousand students were assessed (30750), and 9087, 17607, and 4056 were from public, private, and foreign medical schools, respectively. Forty-three percent of those who registered tor applying the SERUMS failed the exam. Percentages of those who failed were 31%, 34%, and 79% of those coming from public, private, and foreign medical schools, respectively. Multivariate analyses showed that those who most frequently failed came from private medical schools (odds ratio (OR): 1.42; 95% CI: 1.37-1.47, p<0.001), those who studied medicine in a Lima City medical school (OR: 1.18; 95% CI: 1.14 - 1.22, p<0.001), and those who studied outside Peru. Conclusions: There is a greater number of physicians doing rural service (SERUMS), but many of them fail the examination (ENAM), particularly those coming from private medical schools in Lima City and those who come from foreign medical schools. These results suggest that a great proportion of physicians applying for the rural service are not adequately qualified, at least in the theoretical areas which are measured by the ENAM.

[Analysis of production, impact, and collaboration networks in scientific research in Scopus for Peru from 2000 to 2019]. / Análisis de producción, impacto y redes de colaboración en investigaciones científicas en Scopus en Perú de 2000 a 2019.

INTRODUCTION: Peru is a developing country with increasing scientific production. However, it is necessary to understand the trends, impact, and collaborative networks of research to plan for policy improvements. OBJECTIVE: We analyzed the production, impact, and collaboration networks in the Peruvian scientific production between 2000 and 2019. METHODS: We did an observational analytical study. We searched Scopus for all the publications with at least one author with a Peruvian affiliation declared in the author byline. A descriptive analysis of the different characteristics, trends, and scientific collaboration was carried out. Collaboration networks were plotted using VOSviewer. RESULTS: Between 2000 and 2019, Peru had a total of 24 482 publications in scientific journals, with an average annual growth of 13.6%. Of the total, 70% of all the articles were cataloged as Clinical Medicine and Biomedical Sciences. Only half of the articles had a Peruvian affiliation. The countries with the largest share of collaboration were the United States and Brazil, and the articles with international collaboration had the highest number of citations per publication. CONCLUSIONS: Scientific production in Peru has increased in recent years, with a significant percentage of publications based on international collaboration and led by authors with non-Peruvian affiliations. It is necessary to strengthen collaboration ties between Peruvian and foreign institutions. Furthermore, it is essential to propitiate further research that will help solve the country's problems.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Perú es un país en vías de desarrollo, con una producción científica en aumento. Sin embargo, es necesario entender las tendencias, el impacto y la colaboración de sus investigaciones para promover una mejora continua de las mismas. OBJETIVO: Buscamos analizar la producción, el impacto y las redes de colaboración en la producción científica peruana entre los años 2000 y 2019. MÉTODOS: Realizamos un estudio analítico observacional haciendo una búsqueda en Scopus de todas las publicaciones que hayan tenido al menos un autor peruano en su filiación. Sobre eso, realizamos un análisis descriptivo de las diferentes características, tendencias y tipo de colaboración científica. Graficamos las redes de colaboración mediante VOSviewer. RESULTADOS: Entre los años 2000 y 2019, Perú tuvo un total de 24 482 publicaciones en revistas científicas, con un crecimiento anual promedio de 13,6%. Del total de artículos científicos, 70% de todas las publicaciones pertenecieron a las áreas de medicina clínica y ciencias biomédicas. Solo la mitad de los artículos contaban con filiación peruana. Los países con mayor colaboración fueron Estados Unidos y Brasil, y los artículos con colaboración internacional tuvieron mayor cantidad de citas por publicación. CONCLUSIONES: En años recientes, ha habido un incremento de la producción científica en Perú, con un gran porcentaje de publicaciones basadas en la colaboración internacional y lideradas por autores con filiación no peruana. Es necesario fortalecer lazos de colaboración entre instituciones peruanas y extranjeras. Además, es fundamental el incitar un mayor liderazgo en investigaciones que solucionen problemas del país.

Physical activity levels by glycemia status: A population-based cross-sectional study in Peru.

OBJECTIVE: To assess whether the prevalence of low physical activity levels and time spent watching TV differ depending on glycemia status. METHODS: A secondary analysis using data from a population-based study was conducted. Two were the outcomes: physical activity levels, derived from the International Physical Activity Questionnaire, and sitting time watching TV. The exposure was glycemia status, defined based on results of the oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT): euglycemia, dysglycemia, and T2DM. The T2DM group was further split into: aware and unaware of T2DM diagnosis. Prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% CI were reported using Poisson regression models. RESULTS: Data of 1607 individuals, mean age 48.2 (SD: 10.6) years, 809 (50.3%) females, were analyzed. Dysglycemia and T2DM was present in 16.9% (95% CI: 15.1%-18.8%) and 11.0% (95% CI: 9.5%-12.6%) of participants, respectively. A total of 605 (37.6%; 95% CI: 35.2%-39.9%) participants had low levels of physical activity and 1019 (63.3%; 95% CI: 60.9%-65.7%) subjects spent ≥2 h per day sitting watching TV. In multivariable model, there was no significant association between glycemia status and physical activity levels (PR = 1.14; 95% CI: 0.95-1.36). Similar result was found between glycemia status and sitting time watching TV. However, those aware of T2DM diagnosis were more likely to have low levels of physical activity (PR = 1.31; 95% CI: 1.06-1.61) compared to the euglycemia group. CONCLUSIONS: We found a no relationship between glycemia status and physical activity level or sitting time watching TV, pointing out similar levels of physical (in)activity among those with euglycemia, dysglycemia and T2DM. Individuals aware of having T2DM were 30% more likely to have low physical activity levels compared to the euglycemic group. There is a need to increase physical activity levels among T2DM individuals.

Hospital-acquired SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in a person living with HIV.

We report the case of a 38 year-old man living with well-controlled HIV on antiretroviral therapy who developed cerebellar symptoms and was admitted to hospital for management of an intraventricular cryptococcoma. During his hospital stay he contracted SARS CoV-2 infection within the hospital setting with a fatal outcome.

Dermatomiositis asociada con carcinoma hepatocelular relacionado con el virus de la hepatitis B: un reporte de caso en Perú / Dermatomyositis associated with hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma: a case report in Peru

La dermatomiositis (DM) es una miopatía inflamatoria de causa desconocida caracterizada por inflamación muscular, debilidad músculo-esquelética proximal y manifestaciones cutáneas típicas. Se ha asociado a malignidades como un síndrome paraneoplásico. Reportamos el caso de un paciente varón de 33 años, diagnosticado de hepatitis B, VHB crónico inactivo, que presentó lesiones papulares, pruriginosas y descamativas en cara, manos, zona inguinal y pies. Al examen físico se evidenció pápulas de Gottron, signo del heliotropo, debilidad muscular simétrica proximal. Se realizó una biopsia de piel donde se encontraron hallazgos compatibles con DM. Tras una ecografía abdominal se encontró una tumoración hepática, cuyo resultado en biopsia fue de carcinoma hepatocelular moderadamente diferenciado. Posteriormente se le realiza segmentectomía con lo cual síntomas de DM disminuyen. Es un caso infrecuente, y de sumo interés por lo que se decide reportar.

Dermatomyositis is an idiopathic inflammatory myopathie characterized by proximal skeletal muscle weakness, typical skin manifestations and muscle inflammation. This disease has been associated with malignancies as a paraneoplastic syndrome. We present a patient of thirty-three years diagnosed with hepatitis B, chronic inactive HBV who presents papular, pruritic and desquamative lesions on the face, hands, inguinal area and feet. At the physical examination is evidentiated Gottron's papules, heliotrope sign and proximal symmetric muscular weakness. Findings compatible with DM were found in a skin biopsy. An abdominal ultrasound revealed a liver tumor whereby a biopsy was performed and the result was a moderately differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma. Subsequently, a segmentectomy has been made and consequently the DM symptoms decreased. This case is of great interest and rare reason why we decided to reported it.

[Dermatomyositis associated with hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma: a case report in Peru]. / Dermatomiositis asociada con carcinoma hepatocelular relacionado con el virus de la hepatitis B: un reporte de caso en Perú.

Dermatomyositis is an idiopathic inflammatory myopathie characterized by proximal skeletal muscle weakness, typical skin manifestations and muscle inflammation. This disease has been associated with malignancies as a paraneoplastic syndrome. We present a patient of thirty-three years diagnosed with hepatitis B, chronic inactive HBV who presents papular, pruritic and desquamative lesions on the face, hands, inguinal area and feet. At the physical examination is evidentiated Gottron's papules, heliotrope sign and proximal symmetric muscular weakness. Findings compatible with DM were found in a skin biopsy. An abdominal ultrasound revealed a liver tumor whereby a biopsy was performed and the result was a moderately differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma. Subsequently, a segmentectomy has been made and consequently the DM symptoms decreased. This case is of great interest and rare reason why we decided to reported it.

Profesora Isabel Cristina Carbonell García: paradigma de entrega en el campo de la higiene y la epidemiología / Professor Isabel Cristina Carbonell García: a dedication paradigm in the field of the hygiene and epidemiology

Se exaltan las facetas y los aportes de la Dra. Isabel Cristina Carbonell García, destacada personalidad de la medicina santiaguera y cubana, cuya dedicación al cuidado de la salud del pueblo y a la formación de nuevos profesionales, le ha convertido en un paradigma de la asistencia y la docencia médica revolucionaria. También se dan a conocer los elementos más importantes de su contexto familiar, su etapa estudiantil y su labor como médico, que ha traspasado las fronteras cubanas hasta otros países de Latinoamérica. Para enriquecer la biografía se mencionan sus méritos, reconocimientos y su dinámico accionar como investigadora, que no ha cesado a lo largo de su rica trayectoria como integrante de la comunidad científica de Santiago de Cuba(AU)

The facets and contributions of Doctor Isabel Cristina Carbonell García are exalted. She is an outstanding personality of the medicine from Santiago and from Cuba, whose devotion to the health care of people and to the training of new professionals, have make her become a paradigm of the revolutionary medical assistance and teaching. Also, the most important elements in her family context are recognized as well as her stage as a student and her work as a doctor which has overpassed the Cuban frontiers to other Latin-American countries. To enrich the biography her merits, recognitions and her dynamic acting as investigator are mentioned, because she has not stopped along her rich trajectory as member of the scientific community in Santiago de Cuba(AU)

Cáncer anaplásico de tiroides: reporte de caso / Anaplastic thyroid cancer: a case report

Mujer de 40 años, sin antecedente de patología tiroidea, con historia de enfermedad de cuatro semanas caracterizado por baja de peso, aumento rápido del tamaño de la glándula tiroides y dolor óseo generalizado. El examen físico mostró bocio multinodular no doloroso con múltiples ganglios cervicales. Los análisis de laboratorio mostraron anemia y niveles elevados de transaminasas, fosfatasa alcalina y deshidrogenasa láctica. El perfil tiroideo fue normal y los anticuerpos antiperoxidasa tiroidea fueron negativos. La biopsia por aspiración mostró carcinoma de tiroides. Se realizó una tiroidectomía total con disección amplia de los ganglios del cuello y en el estudio de anatomía patológica resultó un carcinoma anaplásico de tiroides. La evolución de la paciente fue desfavorable, falleciendo por insuficiencia respiratoria, secundaria a embolismo pulmonar. El carcinoma anaplásico de tiroides es poco frecuente, pero tiene una alta mortalidad. Las metástasis a distancia están asociadas a mal pronóstico.

A 40-year-old woman presented with a four weeks history of weight loss, rapid thyroid enlargement, and generalized bone pain. Her previous medical history was unremarkable. Physical examination showed a painless multinodular goiter with multiple cervical lymph nodes. Laboratory tests showed anemia, elevated levels of transaminases, alkaline phosphatase, and lactic dehydrogenase. Thyroid profile was normal and thyroid autoantibodies were negative. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy showed a malignant carcinoma of thyroid. A total thyroidectomy and extensive neck dissection for lymph nodes were performed. Pathology examination showed an anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. The clinical evolution was torpid, and patient died because of respiratory insufficiency, secondary to pulmonary embolism. Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma is an uncommon and lethal malignancy. Distant metastases are associated with a low survival rate.

Apoplejía pituitaria con parálisis del III par craneal: reporte de caso / Pituitary apoplexy presenting as isolated third cranial nerve palsy: a case report

Se describe el caso de un varón de 65 años de edad, sin antecedentes patológicos de importancia, que acudió a emergencia del Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia por presentar cefalea intensa y ptosis palpebral izquierda. El examen físico mostró parálisis aislada del III par craneal izquierdo. Los análisis de laboratorio mostraron hiponatremia e hipopituitarismo y la resonancia magnética nuclear un adenoma pituitario con áreas de hemorragia e invasión de los senos cavernosos. El tratamiento incluyó glucocorticoides y descompresión quirúrgica transesfenoidal. La anatomía patológica confirmó el diagnóstico de infarto hemorrágico de un adenoma pituitario. El paciente fue dado de alta con terapia sustitutiva de levotiroxina y prednisona. La ptosis palpebral izquierda se recuperó en forma parcial. La apoplejía pituitaria es un síndrome clínico producido por un proceso expansivo dentro de la silla turca, secundario a hemorragia o infarto de un adenoma pituitario, que se caracteriza por cefalea, déficit visual, oftalmoplejía y alteración del nivel de conciencia. Este proceso expansivo puede comprimir los pares craneales en los senos cavernosos, produciendo diferentes grados de parálisis de los músculos oculomotores. La parálisis aislada del III par craneal es rara.

A 65-year-old man came to Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia with severe headache and isolated left-sided ptosis. Physical examination showed isolated third cranial nerve palsy. Laboratory tests showed mild hyponatremia and hypopituitarism. Further work-up included a pituitary magnetic resonance imaging that demonstrated a mass in the pituitary fossa with signs of hemorrhage and invasion of left cavernous sinus. Treatment was started with glucocorticoid replacement and neurosurgical decompression via a transsphenoidal approach. Patient was discharged from hospital with replacement therapy of levothyroxine and prednisone. Left-sided ptosis was partially recovered. Pituitary apoplexy is a clinical syndrome characterized by abrupt onset headache, visual deficit, ophthalmoplegia and altered mental status caused by rapid enlargement of a pituitary adenoma, usually due to hemorrhagic infarctionof the tumor. This expansive process can extends laterally into the cavernous sinus and compress the cranial nerves. Isolated third cranial nerve palsy is very rare. In most cases, improvement of cranial neuropathy is possible with rapid diagnosis and adequate and timely management.

Prevalencia de hipertensión arterial y dislipidemias en escolares y adolescentes en Valera Estado Trujillo-Venezuela / Prevalence of arterial hypertensión and dislipidemia in children and teenagers from Valera-Estado Trujillo-Venezuela

El objetivo de la investigación fue determinar la prevalencia de hipertensión arterial y dislipidemias en escolares y adolescentes en Valera. Se diseñó un estudio descriptivo, en 157 escolares y 180 adolescentes, entre marzo y julio de 2005. Se calcularon medidas de tendencia central y dispersión, “t” de Student y test de Mann-Whitney para comparar los estadísticos de resumen. No se detectó hipertensión entre escolares, 3 presentaron hipercolesterolemia e hipertrigliceridemia para una prevalencia de 1,9 por ciento. Se detectaron 2 adolescentes masculinos con hipertensión diastólica, para una prevalencia de 2,5 por ciento, 2 adolescentes hipercolesterolémicos y 6 hipertrigliceridémicos (prevalencias de 1,1 por ciento y 3,3 por ciento respectivamente). Se evidenció un aumento progresivo de la presión arterial con la edad y dimorfismo sexual en los valores de lípidos séricos

The objective of the research was to determine the prevalence of arterial hypertension and dislipidemia in children and teenagers in Valera. A descriptive study was designed, in 157 children and 180 teenagers, between March and July, 2005. Central tendency and dispersion measures were calculated and Student “t” and Mann-Whitney test were used to compare summary statistics. Hypertension was not detected in children but 3 presented hypercholesterolemia and hipertrigliceridemia (prevalence 1,9 percent). Two teenagers were detected with diastolic hypertension (prevalence 2,5 percent), 2 hypercholesterolemia and 6 hipertrigliceridemia (prevalence 1,1 percent and 3,3 percent). There was demonstrated a progressive increase of the arterial pressure by the age, and sexual dimorphism in lipids plasma patterns

Emponzoñamiento ofídico en los Altos Mirandinos enero 1997 a enero 1998 / Envenoming ophidic and in Altos Mirandinos january 1997 a january 1998

Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo de 34 pacientes de enero 1997 a enero 1998, que fueron admitidos en la emergencia del Hospital "Dr. Victorino Santaella R.", con el diagnóstico de emponzoñamiento ofídico por Bothrops y/o Crotalus para clasificar y comparar las características clínicas y epidemiológicas de los pacientes afectados. Se encontró predominio de jóvenes masculinos con empozoñamiento por Bothrops y con época de mayor riesgo entre julio y diciembre que se corresponde con la época de lluvia. Las complicaciones más frecuentes fueron infección local, necrósis, un episodio de insuficiencia renal aguda y prolongación de los tiempos de coagulación. El tratamiento de elección fue suero antíofidico polivalente, analgésicos y antibiótico. No hubo muertes relacionadas con el empozoñamiento