Is physical education an effective way to increase physical activity in children with lower cardiorespiratory fitness?

Several findings revealed the importance of accruing moderate and vigorous physical activity (MVPA) to improve health. Physical education (PE) may play an important role on promoting children's MVPA. However, it remains unknown whether PE might be effective when increasing physical activity (PA) levels in children with lower cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess children's PA during PE and during days with and without PE with a special focus on CRF status. One hundred and fifty Spanish children and adolescents from 3rd to 12th grade were recruited. PA levels were assessed with GT3X accelerometers. Peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak ) was estimated using a portable breath by breath Metamax 3B. Participants were classified as healthy aerobic fitness (HAF) and unhealthy aerobic fitness (UHAF) according to standardized cut-off point criteria. During PE, students with HAF accrued more MVPA than those with UHAF (8.7 vs 5.7 min/session; P ≤ 0.001). MVPA was higher on PE days than days without for both UHAF (50.0 vs 42.7 min/day; P ≤ 0.05) and HAF students (56.9 vs 49.4 min/day; P ≤ 0.05). Although less active during PE, students with lower CRF accumulated more MVPA and total PA on PE days than days without PE. An increase in PE days might be a smart policy to raise the recommended PA levels, regardless of CRF status.

Análisis de la distribución de la práctica de actividad física en alumnos de educación infantil / A análise da distribuição de atividade física em estudantes de educação infantil / Analysis of the distribution of physical activity in early childhood education students

La práctica de actividad física (AF) es un elemento muy importante en la promoción de la salud durante la infancia. Sin embargo, hay pocos estudios que profundicen en las características de la AF que desarrollan los niños a lo largo del día. El objetivo del presente estudio fue describir la distribución de la actividad física de una intensidad determinada en bouts o secuencias de diferente duración y durante tres períodos: lunes a viernes, horario escolar y horario extraescolar. Se seleccionaron 107 alumnos de segundo ciclo de Educación Infantil (3,81±0,87 años; 19,64±4,32 kg, 1,19±0,29 m). Los sujetos llevaron un acelerómetro (Actigraph GT3X) durante 5 días consecutivos. Se calcularon los niveles de actividad física, de acuerdo con los puntos de corte propuestos por Sirard et al. (2005) y se analizó la agrupación de la AF de intensidad moderada y vigorosa (AFMV) en bouts de 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10 y 12 min de duración. Los resultados mostraron el predominio de una AF de carácter esporádico, donde alrededor del 90% de la AFMV se realizó en bouts de 1 y 2 min. Se observó un mayor volumen de bouts de 1, 2, 4, 5 y 6 min de duración de lunes a viernes y en horario extraescolar que en el horario escolar (p< 0,001). Se pone de manifiesto que la AF en niños de estas edades tiene un carácter intermitente, realizándose en secuencias o intervalos cortos que oscilan entre 1 y 2 min de duración (AU)

A prática da actividade física (PA) é muito importante na promoção da saúde no elemento infância. No entanto, alguns estudos para aprofundar as características das crianças que desenvolvem FA durante o dia. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever a distribuição de atividade física de uma determinada intensidade de ataques ou seqüências de diferentes durações e durante três períodos: de segunda a sexta-feira, o horário escolar e horário escolar. 107 upperclassmen Educação Infantil (19,64 ± 4,32 kg, 1,19 ± 0,29 m 3,81 ± 0,87 anos) foram selecionados. Os assuntos tomaram um acelerômetro (Actigraph GT3X) durante 5 dias consecutivos. Níveis de atividade física, de acordo com os pontos de corte propostos pela Sirard et al foram calculados. (2005) eo agrupamento do AF de intensidade moderada a vigorosa (AFMV), em crises de 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10 e 12 min de duração foi analisado. Os resultados mostraram que a prevalência de FA esporádica, onde cerca de 90% do MVPA foi realizada em ataques 1 e 2 min. Um maior volume de acessos de 1, 2, 4, 5 e 6 minutos durante a semana e fora do horário escolar foi observado que, em horário escolar (p< 0,001). Isso mostra que o AF em crianças desta idade tem um caráter intermitente, atuando em sequências ou curtos intervalos de tempo variando de 1 a 2 min de duração (AU)

The practice of physical activity (PA) is very important element of promoting health during childhood. However, little information is available with regards to PA patterns of children during a day. The aim of this study was to describe the bouts patterns of different lengths of time among three periods of daily life in nursery school students. 107 children (3.81±0.87 years; 19,64±4,32 kg, 1,19±0,29 m) were selected. The subjects wore an accelerometer (Actigraph GT3X) during 5 consecutive days. The level of PA was calculated using the cut-points proposed by Sirard et al. (2005) in order to analyze moderate-intensity bout patterns of 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10 and 12 min during three periods Monday to Friday, school hours and extracurricular time. Results showed that students accumulated 90% of their PA intermittently, corresponding to bouts of 1 to 2 min (p< 0.001). Based on these findings, it was concluded that that children in nursery school accumulated high intermittent PA, consisted of 1 to 2 min bouts, and this information should be used to promote strategies during school timetable in order to increase PA in school (AU)

Match activity and physiological load in wheelchair tennis players: a pilot study.

STUDY DESIGN: There is a lack of information about the physiological and psychological parameters in competition that shows a comprehensive profile of the demands of the game situation. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to examine the activity patterns and physiological-perceptual responses (heart rate (HR), blood lactate concentrations (LA) and the rate of perceived exertion (RPE), respectively, during singles wheelchair tennis (WT) matches. METHODS: A total of four WT players played three matches each. HR, LA and RPE were measured during each match. An activity pattern analysis was performed during all matches. Furthermore, LA and RPE were compared between service and return games. RESULTS: The results show a mean (s.d.) total match time of 69.04 (2.3) minutes, an effective playing time of 17.65% (0.03%), a work:rest (W:R) time ratio of 1:4.6 (0.48) and a rally length of 7.04 (4.44) seconds. Most of the points end in three or fewer shots. The mean (s.d.) physiological load during the matches were as follows: HR 124.25 (24.7) beats per minute, %HRmax 66.31% (4.5%), LA 1.41 (0.43) mmol l(-)(1) and RPE 12.45 (1.91). No significant differences were found in LA and RPE between service and return games (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In this descriptive study, match activity and physiological load in WT are described. Match activities are similar to conventional tennis, although the physiological load is lower. Service and return situations show similar physiological and perceptual responses. These results might be used to develop specific interval training protocols for a male WT player.

Step test and physical working capacity in female volleyball players: the paradox of better performance in the older athletes / Test de Step y capacidad de trabajo en jugadoras de voleibol: la paradoja de un mejor rendimiento en las jugadoras mayors / Teste do degrau e capacidade de trabalho em jogadores de voleibol: o paradoxo de um desempenho melhor em jogadores mais velhos

The aim of the present study was to compare two popular submaximal tests of aerobic capacity, the YMCA step test and the physical working capacity at heart rate (HR) 170 bpm test (P170), in competitive female volleyball players. The participants (n = 152, age 12.78-41.67 yrs) were examined for anthropometric characteristics and performed the YMCA step test. Heart rate (HR) was recorded at the end of the test (Stepend) and at the end of the first minute of recovery (Steprec). P170 test was expressed in both absolute (P170,abs, W) and relative values (P170,rel, W.kg-1). In addition, a sub-group (n = 14) was tested again one year later. The YMCA step test correlated largely (Steprec) and very largely (Stepend) with P170,rel (r = -0.58 and r = -0.76, p < 0.001, respectively), and P170,abs (r = -0.54 and r = -0.68, p < 0.001, respectively). No correlation was observed among percentage changes in the tests of aerobic capacity over a year (p > 0.05). Age correlated low-to-moderately with all indices of aerobic capacity (0.23 ≤ │r│ ≤ 0.45, p < 0.05), i.e. the older the age, the better the aerobic capacity. Based on the findings of the present study, it was concluded that the YMCA step test (especially the Stepend index) and P170 might be used interchangeably by coaches and trainers to monitor aerobic capacity of female volleyball players. The paradoxically increase of aerobic capacity with age should be attributed to the assessment methods which were based on HR and to the decrease of maximal HR with age. Thus, these tests should be used only within a short range of age (AU)

El objetivo del presente estudio fue comparar dos pruebas submáximas de capacidad aeróbica, el YMCA step test y la prueba de capacidad de trabajo físico a 170 ppm (P170) de frecuencia cardíaca (FC), en jugadoras de voleibol femenino. Se analizaron en 152 participantes variables antropométricas, el rendimiento, la frecuencia cardiaca final (Stepend) y la frecuencia cardiaca en el primer minuto de recuperación (Steprec) en la prueba YMCA step test, la P170 fue analizada expresando los resultados en valores absolutos (P170,abs, W) y relativos (P170,rel, W.kg-1). Además, un subgrupo (n=14) fue analizado otra vez después de un año. Los resultados mostraron como el YMCA step test correlacionó altamente (Steprec) y muy altamente (Stepend) con la P170 rel (r = -0.58 and r = -0.76, p < 0.001, respectively), y con la P170,abs (r = -0.54 and r = -0.68, p < 0.001, respectively). No se encontraron correlaciones entre los porcentajes de cambio en los test de capacidad aeróbica después de un año (p>0.05). La edad presentó una correlación baja a moderada con todos los índices de capacidad aeróbica (0.23 ≤ │r│ ≤ 0.45, p < 0.05), viendo como las mayores edades tenían una mejor capacidad aeróbica. Basándonos en estos resultados podemos concluir que la prueba YMCA step test (especialmente el parámetro Stepend) y la P170 podrian ser utilizadas indistintamente por entrenadores y preparadores físicos para monitorizar la capacidad aeróbica de jugadoras de voleibol. El paradójico incremento de la capacidad aeróbica con la edad puede ser atribuido a los métodos de evaluación utilizados que están basados en la FC y al descenso de la FC máxima con la edad. Por lo tanto, estos test deberían ser utilizados solo con edades inferiores (AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar dois testes de capacidade aeróbia submáximas, o teste do degrau YMCA ea capacidade de trabalho físico a 170 ppm (P170) da frequência cardíaca (FC) em jogadores de voleibol das mulheres. Foram analisados 152 variáveis antropométricas envolvidos, o desempenho, a freqüência cardíaca final (Stepend) e freqüência cardíaca no primeiro minuto da recuperação (Steprec) no teste de etapa de teste YMCA, o P170 foi analisado expressando os resultados em valores absolutos (P170 , ABS, W) e relativo (P170, rel, W.kg-1). Além disso, um subgrupo (n = 14) foi analisada outra vez depois de um ano. Os resultados mostraram que o passo de ensaio ACM altamente correlacionados (Steprec) e muito alta (Stepend) com P170 rel (r = -0,58 e r = -0,76, p 0,05). Idade apresentou uma baixa a moderada correlação com todos os índices de capacidade aeróbica (│r│ ≤ 0,23 ≤ 0,45, p< 0,05), observando as idades mais velhas tinham melhor capacidade aeróbica. Com base nestes resultados, podemos concluir que o teste de teste YMCA etapa (especialmente parâmetro Stepend) e P170 pode ser usado indiscriminadamente pelos treinadores e preparadores físicos para monitorar a capacidade aeróbia de atletas de voleibol. O aumento paradoxal na capacidade aeróbica com a idade pode ser atribuído aos métodos de avaliação utilizados, que são baseados no FC eo declínio da frequência cardíaca máxima com a idade. Portanto, estes testes devem ser usados apenas com idades mais jovens (AU)

Physical and physiological characteristics in male team handball players by playing position - Does age matter?

AIM: The purpose of this study was to examine the variation in physical and physiological characteristics according to playing position in adolescent and adult male team handball (TH) players. METHODS: Adolescent (N.=57, aged 14.9±1.4 yr) and adult (N.=39, 26.6±5.7 yr) players were examined for anthropometric characteristics, somatotype and body composition, and performed the physical working capacity test, a force-velocity test, the Wingate anaerobic test (WAnT), sit-and-reach test, handgrip strength test, squat jump (SJ), countermovement vertical jump without (CMJ) and with arm-swing, and a 30-s Bosco test. Eccentric utilization ratio (EUR) was calculated as the ratio CMJ to SJ. RESULTS: In adult players, there were significant differences between wings and the other positions with regard to anthropometric and body composition parameters (body mass, -17.9% to -13.2%; height, -5.3% to -4.3%; and fat-free mass, -13.7% to -9.9%) and anaerobic power assessed by WAnT (peak power, -20.5% to -15.2%; and mean power, -20% to -14.8%); however, these characteristics did not differ significantly in adolescents, in which the only statistically significant difference was found between goalkeepers and the other positions in EUR (+8.1%). CONCLUSION: Therefore, the differences in physical and physiological characteristics between playing positions are age-dependent. As adult players in this study were taken from players competing in the top Greek league, findings could serve as a base for talent identification and development for future studies. Moreover, knowledge about positional differences might enhance the ability to make tailored position-specific training programs among adult and adolescent players in the future.

Actigraph GT3X: validation and determination of physical activity intensity cut points.

The aims of this study were: to compare energy expenditure (EE) estimated from the existing GT3X accelerometer equations and EE measured with indirect calorimetry; to define new equations for EE estimation with the GT3X in youth, adults and older people; and to define GT3X vector magnitude (VM) cut points allowing to classify PA intensity in the aforementioned age-groups. The study comprised 31 youth, 31 adults and 35 older people. Participants wore the GT3X (setup: 1-s epoch) over their right hip during 6 conditions of 10-min duration each: resting, treadmill walking/running at 3, 5, 7, and 9 km · h⁻¹, and repeated sit-stands (30 times · min⁻¹). The GT3X proved to be a good tool to predict EE in youth and adults (able to discriminate between the aforementioned conditions), but not in the elderly. We defined the following equations: for all age-groups combined, EE (METs)=2.7406+0.00056 · VM activity counts (counts · min⁻¹)-0.008542 · age (years)-0.01380 · body mass (kg); for youth, METs=1.546618+0.000658 · VM activity counts (counts · min⁻¹); for adults, METs=2.8323+0.00054 · VM activity counts (counts · min⁻¹)-0.059123 · body mass (kg)+1.4410 · gender (women=1, men=2); and for the elderly, METs=2.5878+0.00047 · VM activity counts (counts · min⁻¹)-0.6453 · gender (women=1, men=2). Activity counts derived from the VM yielded a more accurate EE estimation than those derived from the Y-axis. The GT3X represents a step forward in triaxial technology estimating EE. However, age-specific equations must be used to ensure the correct use of this device.

Intermonitor variability of GT3X accelerometer.

The main purpose of this study was to assess the inter-monitor reliability of the tri-axial GT3X Actigraph accelerometer over a range of physical activities (PA). This device collects motion data on each of the vertical (Y), horizontal right-left (X), and horizontal front-back (Z) axes and also calculates the vector summed value √X(2)+Y(2)+Z(2) known as 'vector magnitude' (VM). 8 GT3X accelerometers were worn at the same time by the same participant. Accelerometers were placed back-to-front, all facing forward and in sets of 4 securely taped together, attached to a belt and allocating each block above either left or right hip at waist level. Inter-monitor reliability was assessed during 6 conditions: rest, walking (4 and 6 km·h(-1)), running (8 and 10 km·h(-1)) and repeated sit-to-stand (40 times·min(-1)). The intra-class correlation coefficients were high for X, Y and Z axes (i.e., all ≥ 0.925) and for VM (≥ 0.946). In conclusion, we found good inter-instrument reliability of the GT3X accelerometer across all planes, yet our results also suggest that the X and Z axes do not provide further benefits over the 'traditional' Y-axis to assess the movement in typical PA.

Effects of 7-weeks competitive training period on physiological and mental condition of top level judoists.

AIM: We examined hormonal and haematological parameters and the profile of mood states (POMS) in top level judoists undertaking a 7-week competitive training period in a real contest. METHODS: Participants were 10 top level judoists belonging to the Spanish National Team. Training load was calculated by multiplying the training session intensity by the duration of the training session. The judoists competed in two official events on weeks 3 and 6 of the study. RESULTS: Urinary catecholamines increased at the end of the competitive period. Serum cortisol increased during the weeks in which judoists competed, confirming the existence of and anticipatory cortisol response to exercise; although we failed to find serum testosterone increases. Because of leukocyte values did not change, except monocytes, we speculate that the intensity of training was not sufficiently high to evoke injury to muscle tissue. Anger, tension, and fatigue increased according with training load, suggesting that the training exercise led participants into a negative psychological state. CONCLUSION: Findings indicate that during competitive periods, judoists suffer hormonal and mood changes according to training load and competitive events. Results support the usefulness of monitoring biological and psychological markers during season in order to adjust training loads and periods of recovery.

Effects of different vibration exercises on bench press.

This study was undertaken to analyze the effects of different vibration recovery strategies via feet or hands on the number of repetitions performed and on mean velocity, peak velocity and blood lactate concentration during consecutive bench-press sets. 9 elite judo athletes performed 3 sets of bench press at 60% of one-repetition maximum (1RM), leading to failure and allowing a 180 s rest period between sets. During the rest period, 1 of the 3 following procedures was performed: 150 s rest plus 30 s push-up vibration exercise (Push-up), 150 s rest plus 30 s squat vibration exercise (Squat) or 180 s only rest (Passive). Statistical analysis revealed that the Squat condition resulted in a significant increase in the number of repetitions achieved, in comparison with all other rest strategies. However, kinematic parameters and blood lactate concentration were not affected by vibration. These data suggest that a vibration stimulus applied to the feet, between sets, can result in positive improvements in upper body resistance exercise performance. Although the mechanisms are not fully understood, this positive effect of vibration could be due to an increased motor cortex excitability and voluntary drive.

Physical activity and energy expenditure measurements using accelerometers in older adults.

The purpose of this review is to address methodological issues related to accelerometer-based assessments of physical activity (PA) in older individuals. Special interest is also put on recently updated technology. No definitive evidence exists currently to indicate which are the more valid and reliable accelerometer models for use with older people. When it comes to selecting an accelerometer, issues of affordability, product reliability, monitor size, technical support, and comparability with other studies may be equally as important as the relative validity and reliability of an instrument. The accelerometer should be attached as close as possible to the body's center of mass, and in the case of elders using walking aids, it should be placed on the same body side. Variability due to positioning can be reduced with careful training and supervision. Typically, the sampling period is between 3 and 7 days and it is not yet clear if variability exists between weekdays and weekend in the elderly. It is possible that aging effects on physical and cognitive health may limit the ability of an older adult to be compliant with an accelerometer protocol; in this line many methods have been suggested for increasing compliance to protocols for research studies. Accelerometers can provide reliable information on mobility and objective measurement of PA. These activity monitors have significant advantages when compared with other quantitative methods for measurement of energy expenditure. Accelerometers are currently used mainly in a research setting; however, with recent advances, incorporation into clinical and fitness practice is possible and increasing.

Physical activity and energy expenditure measurements using accelerometers in older adults / Utilización de los acelerómetros para la medida de la actividad física y el gasto energético en personas mayores

The purpose of this review is to address methodological issues related to accelerometer-based assessments of physical activity (PA) in older individuals. Special interest is also put on recently updated technology. No definitive evidence exists currently to indicate which are the more valid and reliable accelerometer models for use with older people. When it comes to selecting an accelerometer, issues of affordability, product reliability, monitor size, technical support, and comparability with other studies may be equally as important as the relative validity and reliability of an instrument. The accelerometer should be attached as close as possible to the body's center of mass, and in the case of elders using walking aids, it should be placed on the same body side. Variability due to positioning can be reduced with careful training and supervision. Typically, the sampling period is between 3 and 7 days and it is not yet clear if variability exists between weekdays and weekend in the elderly. It is possible that aging effects on physical and cognitive health may limit the ability of an older adult to be compliant with an accelerometer protocol; in this line many methods have been suggested for increasing compliance to protocols for research studies. Accelerometers can provide reliable information on mobility and objective measurement of PA. These activity monitors have significant advantages when compared with other quantitative methods for measurement of energy expenditure. Accelerometers are currently used mainly in a research setting; however, with recent advances, incorporation into clinical and fitness practice is possible and increasing (AU)

El objetivo de esta revisión se centra en cuestiones metodológicas relacionadas con la medición de la actividad física mediante acelerómetros en personas mayores. Se pone un especial énfasis en la tecnología más reciente. Actualmente no existen pruebas definitivas que indiquen que un modelo es más válido y fiable que otro para su utilización con los ancianos. Al seleccionar un acelerómetro, la comodidad, la fiabilidad del producto, el tamaño, el apoyo técnico y la comparación con otros estudios pueden ser tan importantes como la validez y la fiabilidad del instrumento. Los acelerómetros deben colocarse lo más cerca posible del centro de masas del cuerpo y en el caso de que los ancianos utilicen ayudas técnicas para caminar se deben situar en el mismo lado del cuerpo. La variabilidad debida a la colocación puede reducirse con un cuidadoso entrenamiento y supervisión. Normalmente el periodo de registro es entre 3 y 7 días y todavía no está claro si existe suficiente variabilidad entre días de la semana y de fin de semana en ancianos. Es posible que los efectos del envejecimiento sobre la salud física y cognitiva puedan limitar la capacidad de un anciano de adaptarse al protocolo de utilización de un acelerómetro; en esta línea se han sugerido métodos para incrementar el cumplimiento de los protocolos en estudios de investigación. Los acelerómetros pueden aportar información fiable sobre la movilidad y medidas objetivas de actividad física. Estos monitores presentan ventajas significativas cuando se comparan con otros métodos cuantitativos utilizados en la actualidad para la medida de la actividad física habitual. Actualmente los acelerómetros se utilizan principalmente en investigación; sin embargo, con la incorporación de avances recientes, su empleo es posible y se está incrementando en clínica y para la mejora de la forma física (AU)

Características de la intensidad de juego en el tenis individual masculino en edades adolescentes / Characteristics of game intensity in young male tennis players

El propósito de este estudio ha sido realizar unaaproximación a las características de la intensidadde juego en el tenis individual en edades adolescentes.Para ello se seleccionaron 10 tenistas adolescentesmasculinos, con edades comprendidasentre 14 a 17 años; peso medio de 60,16 ±1,94 kgy talla de 172 ±1,67 cm. Todos los sujetos decidieronparticipar voluntariamente en el estudio. A todoslos sujetos se les determinó en el laboratorioel Consumo Máximo de Oxígeno (VO2max), FrecuenciaCardiaca máxima (FCmáx) y FC en elumbral anaeróbico. Posteriormente, durante suparticipación en un partido oficial de tenis, se evaluóla estructura temporal de juego, así como laevolución de la FC a lo largo del partido. Los resultadosconcluyen la necesidad de considerar laimplicación cardiovascular y estructural del juegodel tenis individual en edad adolescente, para unamayor individualización del entrenamiento deportivo

The aim of the study was to assess the metabolicresponse during singles tennis play in adolescentplayers. A group of 10 male adolescent players,mean age 15.3 ±1.5 years, weight 60.16 ±1.94 kgand height 172 ± 1.67 cm volunteered for thestudy. In the laboratory, maximal oxygen uptake,maximal heart rate and heart rate during anaerobicthreshold were determined in all players. Afterwards,playing an official tennis match, timing distributionsof rally and heart rate evolution throughthe match were evaluated. The results conclude thenecessity of considering the cardiovascular andstructural implication of the individual tennis gamein adolescent age, for a better individualizationof the sport training

Efectos de diferentes entrenamientos sobre la frecuencia cardiaca submáxima / Effeets of differents training methods of submaximal heart rate

El propósito del estudio fue determinar el efecto de diferentes entrenamientos de la capacidad aeróbica sobre la frecuencia cardiaca submáxima, evaluada en una prueba progresiva y máxima. Se seleccionaron 70 sujetos, estudiantes universitarios de educación fisica, con una edad 21,8 ñ 2,2 años, peso 73,53 ñ10,51 kg y altura 175 ñ7 cm. Se realizó una prueba progresiva y máxima (Course Navette), antes y después del entrenamiento. Se registró el valor de la Frecuencia Cardiaca (FC) submáxima en los minutos 3, 6, 9 y 12 de la prueba. Los sujetos de la muestra se distribuyeron en dos grupos aleatorios y homogéneos, entrenando, grupo 1, método continuo intensivo (MCI) y grupo 2, método continuo variable (MCV). El entrenamiento se realizó durante 8 semanas, 3 veces por semana, 30 - 40 minutos, con una intensidad del 80 por ciento del VO2max (MCI) y del 60 por ciento y 90 por ciento (MCV). Los resultados muestran un cambio significativo en el VO2max, y una disminución de la FC submáxima en ambos grupos. Sin embargo, esta disminución es mayor en el grupo 1 (MCI), descendiendo en torno a los 15-20 lat/min, frente al grupo 2 (MCV) que lo hizo de 10-15 lat/min. Se concluye que el entrenamiento de la capacidad aeróbica por medio de un método continuo intensivo, obtiene valores más bajos de FC que el método continuo variable, evaluado en una prueba progresiva y máxima (AU)