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1.
Endocrinol. nutr. (Ed. impr.) ; 57(9): 407-413, nov. 2010. tab, graf
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-95366

RESUMO

Introducción La mayoría de los últimos estudios realizados en España sobre el estado nutricional de yodo muestran una significativa mejoría. Con motivo de una campaña de información sobre la glándula tiroides, la importancia del yodo y el hipotiroidismo, efectuada en 4 ciudades de España, se realizó un estudio para conocer el consumo de alimentos ricos en yodo, la yoduria y la prevalencia de disfunciones tiroideas. Material y métodos Población no seleccionada que acudió a los centros de información de la campaña realizada en Barcelona, A Coruña, Málaga y Madrid. Se realizó una encuesta sobre el consumo de pescado, leche y sal yodada. Se analizó la yoduria (método Pino) y la tirotropina (TSH) (muestra recogida en papel absorbente Whatman-903®).Resultados Se realizaron 872 encuestas (el 40% en Madrid, el 27% en A Coruña, el 19% en Málaga y el 14% en Barcelona). La edad media de la población encuestada era de 51 años (DE: 16) siendo el 81% mujeres. Afirmaba consumir sal yodada el 60,6%; el 90,8% consumía leche diariamente y el 29,3% consumía pescado 3 veces o más por semana. La mediana de yoduria fue de 143,2μg/l. La prevalencia de TSH elevada (>4mUI/l) fue del 1,3% y de TSH baja (<0,4mUI/l) fue del 1,2%.ConclusionesLa mediana de la yoduria global o por ciudades es indicativa de una nutrición óptima de yodo (según criterios de la Organización Mundial de la Salud). Probablemente, productos como la leche y el pescado, además de la sal yodada, pueden haber influido en estos resultados. La prevalencia de hipertiroidismo e hipotiroidismo no conocido detectada es similar a la descrita en otros estudios (AU)


Introduction Most of the studies on urinary iodine levels in Spain in the last decade have reported a significant improvement. A survey was undertaken together with an information campaign on the thyroid gland, the importance of iodine intake and hypothyroidism in four Spanish cities. The goals of the survey were to obtain information on consumption of iodine-containing foods, to measure urinary iodine levels and to evaluate the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction. Materials and methods A non-preselected population attending the information campaign centers located in Barcelona, La Coruña, Malaga and Madrid was studied. A questionnaire on fish, milk and iodized salt consumption was administered. Urinary iodine levels (Pino's method) and thyrotropin (TSH) concentrations (Whatman 903® dry paper method) were measured. Results A total of 872 questionnaires were completed (Madrid 40%; La Coruña 27%; Malaga 19%; and Barcelona 14%). The mean age was 51 years (SD 16); 81% were women. A total of 60.6% of interviewees reported they consumed iodized salt, 90.8% reported daily milk intake and 29.3% reported fish consumption ≥3 times per week. The mean urinary iodine concentration was 143.2μg/L. The prevalence of high TSH levels (>4mUI/L) was 1.3% and that of low TSH levels (<0.4mUI/mL) was 1.2%.Conclusions According to the World Health Organization criteria, the median urinary iodine concentration, both overall or by city, is indicative of optimal iodine intake. In addition to iodized salt intake, consumption of products such as milk and fish has probably contributed to these positive results. The prevalences of undiagnosed hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism detected in this study were similar to those found in other studies (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Iodo/administração & dosagem , Estado Nutricional , Hipotireoidismo/metabolismo , Hipertireoidismo/metabolismo , Comportamento Alimentar , Iodo/urina , Doenças da Glândula Tireoide/epidemiologia , Inquéritos Epidemiológicos
2.
Endocrinol Nutr ; 56(2): 85-91, 2009 Feb.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19627716

RESUMO

Subclinical thyroid disease is a biochemical diagnosis and is common during pregnancy. Because of the physiological hormonal changes that take place during pregnancy and the absence of normal ranges for thyroid hormones during this period, subclinical thyroid disease is difficult to interpret during pregnancy. Subclinical hyperthyroidism during pregnancy has few clinical consequences and no treatment is required. In contrast, subclinical hypothyroidism seems to improve with thyroxine treatment. Iodine supplements during pregnancy and lactation, even in iodine-sufficient areas, are also indicated.


Assuntos
Hipertireoidismo/diagnóstico , Hipertireoidismo/tratamento farmacológico , Hipotireoidismo/diagnóstico , Hipotireoidismo/tratamento farmacológico , Complicações na Gravidez/diagnóstico , Complicações na Gravidez/tratamento farmacológico , Adulto , Desenvolvimento Embrionário , Feminino , Doenças Fetais/etiologia , Doenças Fetais/prevenção & controle , Humanos , Hipertireoidismo/sangue , Hipotireoidismo/sangue , Iodo/administração & dosagem , Iodo/deficiência , Iodo/uso terapêutico , Lactação , Necessidades Nutricionais , Gravidez , Complicações na Gravidez/sangue , Transtornos Puerperais/tratamento farmacológico , Hormônios Tireóideos/sangue , Tireoidite Autoimune/sangue , Tireoidite Autoimune/diagnóstico , Tireoidite Autoimune/tratamento farmacológico , Tireotropina/sangue , Tiroxina/uso terapêutico
3.
Endocrinol. nutr. (Ed. impr.) ; 56(2): 85-91, feb. 2009. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-61759

RESUMO

La disfunción tiroidea subclínica es de diagnóstico bioquímico y es una entidad frecuente durante la gestación. Los cambios hormonales fisiológicos que acontecen durante la gestación, junto con la falta de valores de referencia de las hormonas tiroideas en este periodo, hacen que la disfunción tiroidea subclínica sea de difícil interpretación. Mientras el hipertiroidismo subclínico en la gestación carece de repercusión clínica y no requiere una actuación específica, el hipotiroidismo subclínico, en ese periodo, parece beneficiarse del tratamiento sustitutivo con tiroxina. Los suplementos de yodo en la gestación y lactación son necesarios incluso en zonas de yodosuficiencia (AU)


Subclinical thyroid disease is a biochemical diagnosis and is common during pregnancy. Because of the physiological hormonal changes that take place during pregnancy and the absence of normal ranges for thyroid hormones during this period, subclinical thyroid disease is difficult to interpret during pregnancy. Subclinical hyperthyroidism during pregnancy has few clinical consequences and no treatment is required. In contrast, subclinical hypothyroidism seems to improve with thyroxine treatment. Iodine supplements during pregnancy and lactation, even in iodine-sufficient areas, are also indicated (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Gravidez , Adulto , Hipertireoidismo/diagnóstico , Hipotireoidismo/diagnóstico , Complicações na Gravidez/diagnóstico , Hipertireoidismo/tratamento farmacológico , Hipotireoidismo/tratamento farmacológico , Iodo/uso terapêutico , Suplementos Nutricionais , Tiroxina/uso terapêutico , Hormônios Tireóideos
4.
Endocrinol Nutr ; 55(1): 29-43, 2008 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês, Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22967849

RESUMO

During pregnancy, the body undergoes a major adaptation process as a result of the interaction between mother, placenta and fetus. Major anatomical and histological changes are produced in the pituitary, with an increase of up to 40% in the size of the gland. There are wide variations in the function of the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis that effect iodine balance, the overall activity of the gland, as well as transport of thyroid hormones in plasma and peripheral metabolism of thyroid hormones. The incidence of goiter and thyroid nodules increases throughout pregnancy. The management of differentiated thyroid carcinoma should be individually tailored according to tumoral type and pregnancy stage. Given the effects of hypothyroidism on fetal development, both the diagnosis and appropriate therapeutic management of thyroid hypofunction are essential. The most important modification to the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis during pregnancy is the rise in serum cortisol levels due to an increase in cortisol-binding proteins. Although Cushing's syndrome during pregnancy is infrequent, both diagnosis and treatment of this disorder are especially difficult. Adrenal insufficiency during pregnancy does not substantially differ from that occurring outside pregnancy. However, postpartum pituitary necrosis (Sheehan's syndrome) is a well-known complication that occurs after delivery and, together with lymphocytic hypophysitis, constitutes the most frequent cause of adrenal insufficiency. The management of prolactinoma during pregnancy requires suppression of dopaminergic agonists and their reintroduction if there is tumoral growth. Notable among the neuropituitary disorders that can occur throughout pregnancy is diabetes insipidus, which occurs as a consequence of increased vasopressinase activity.

5.
Endocrinol Nutr ; 55(1): 44-53, 2008 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês, Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22967850

RESUMO

Hypophysitis are a group of inflammatory lesions affecting the pituitary gland and pituitary stalk. These lesions should be included in the differential diagnosis of sellar masses. There are three types of primary hypophysitis: lymphocytic, granulomatous and xanthomatous. Lymphocytic hypophysitis is the most frequent form of chronic pituitary inflammation and is believed to have an autoimmune origin. This form characteristically affects women during the peripartum, with diverse types of pituitary deficiency, especially ACTH deficiency, and frequently there are other associated autoimmune processes. Lymphocytic hypophysitis can affect the anterior pituitary only, the infundibular stalk and posterior lobe of the pituitary (infundibuloneurohypophysitis), or the entire pituitary (panhypophysitis). Clinically, lymphocytic hypophysitis can manifest with compression symptoms, hypopituitarism, diabetes insipidus or hyperprolactinemia. The imaging technique of choice is magnetic resonance imaging, which helps to characterize the sellar lesion. Treatment includes replacement of the functional pituitary deficiency and the use of corticosteroids, generally at high doses. Surgical treatment is reserved for patients unresponsive to conservative therapy. Granulomatous hypophysitis can be of known etiology, whether infectious (currently highly infrequent) or non-infectious (ruptured Rathke's cyst, etc.). Granulomatous hypophysitis of unknown etiology is manifested by the presence of idiopathic granulomas. Xanthomatous hypophysitis is characterized by a histiocytic infiltrate with cystic characteristics on imaging. Secondary hypophysitis is due to pituitary inflammation caused by surrounding lesions or can form part of systemic diseases.

6.
Endocrinol. nutr. (Ed. impr.) ; 54(1): 13-22, ene. 2007. ilus, tab
Artigo em Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-052496

RESUMO

El craneofaringioma es un tumor, con frecuencia quístico, habitualmente supraselar, que deriva de restos de células embrionarias de la bolsa de Rathke. Si bien es un tumor benigno, tiene un comportamiento agresivo con frecuentes secuelas neurológicas y endocrinas. Presenta dos picos de aparición: en la edad infantil y en adultos añosos. La clínica depende de la localización, el tamaño, el potencial de crecimiento y la edad de presentación. Clínicamente suele aparecer como una combinación de signos y síntomas de hipertensión intracraneal, alteraciones visuales, deficiencias hormonales y disfunción hipotalámica. Si la lesión es intraselar la clínica puede remedar a la de un adenoma hipofisario. Las técnicas de neuroimagen, especialmente la resonancia magnética, permiten caracterizar la lesión. La apariencia varía dependiendo de la proporción del componente sólido y quístico, de las posibles calcificaciones y de la composición de un eventual quiste. Antes del abordaje terapéutico debe efectuarse una completa evaluación endocrinológica y oftalmológica. Las opciones terapéuticas incluyen cirugía, radioterapia y una combinación de ambas. La extensión óptima de la cirugía es motivo de controversia. Actualmente se prefiere una aproximación más conservadora que combina una cirugía menos agresiva con radioterapia. La radioterapia sin cirugía únicamente es aplicable a los pacientes con tumores muy pequeños. Otras aproximaciones incluyen: aspiración intermitente mediante punción esterotáxica, colocación de un reservorio, esclerosis de las paredes del quiste mediante fármacos, o irradiación interna con radioisótopos. Las lesiones paraselares son lesiones de muy baja prevalencia y pueden ser, entre otros tumores, aneurismas, quistes o granulomas. Las técnicas de neuroimagen, tanto la tomografía computarizada como la resonancia magnética, son útiles para precisar las características de la lesión (AU)


Craniopharyngiomas are often cystic tumors, usually suprasellar, resulting from embryonic cell remnants of Rathke’s pouch. Although benign, these tumors can be aggressive and frequently have neurological and endocrinological sequelae. Craniopharyngiomas usually develop in children or in the elderly. Symptoms depend on localization, size, potential for growth, and age of onset. Clinically, craniopharyngiomas usually manifest with a combination of symptoms and signs of intracranial hypertension, visual alterations, hormone deficiencies, and hypothalamic dysfunction. Intracellular lesions can mimic pituitary adenoma. Neuroimaging techniques, especially magnetic resonance imaging, allow these lesions to be characterized. Their appearance varies depending on the proportion of solid and cystic components, on the possible calcifications, and on the composition of an eventual cyst. Complete endocrinological and ophthalmological evaluation should be performed before establishing the therapeutic approach. The therapeutic options include surgery, radiotherapy, and a combination of both. The optimal extension of surgery is controversial. Currently, a conservative approach combining less aggressive surgery with radiotherapy is preferred. Radiotherapy without surgery is only applicable in patients with very small tumors. Other approaches include intermittent aspiration by stereotactic puncture, placement of a reservoir, cystic wall sclerosis through drugs, or internal radiation with radioisotopes. Parasellar lesions have a very low prevalence and can consist of cystic aneurysms or granulomas, among other tumors. Neuroimaging techniques, both computed tomography and MRI, are useful for characterizing the lesion (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Craniofaringioma/diagnóstico , Craniofaringioma/terapia , Neoplasias Hipofisárias/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Hipofisárias/terapia , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética
7.
Endocrinol. nutr. (Ed. impr.) ; 54(1): 23-33, ene. 2007. ilus, tab
Artigo em Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-052497

RESUMO

La homeostasis del agua corporal se halla regulada por la ingesta de agua que depende principalmente de la sed y de la excreción urinaria modulada, fundamentalmente, por la vasopresina (AVP). En ausencia de AVP el túbulo colector es impermeable a la difusión de agua, dando lugar a una diuresis acuosa o diluida con osmolalidades urinarias menores a 100 mOsm/kg. Por el contrario, en presencia de AVP, la permeabilidad se incrementa considerablemente, el agua es reabsorbida libre de solutos y la orina alcanza osmolalidades superiores a 1.000 mOsm/kg. La diabetes insípida es el síndrome resultante de la alteración corporal del agua debido a una deficiencia en la secreción de AVP (diabetes insípida central o neurogénica) o por falta de acción de la AVP en el túbulo colector del riñón (diabetes insípida nefrogénica). El síndrome se caracteriza por poliuria con eliminación de grandes volúmenes de orina (> 3,5 l/día), polidipsia y síntomas de tipo general. Respecto a la etiología, en la diabetes insípida central existen formas familiares, y con mucha mayor frecuencia formas adquiridas: tras cirugía hipotálamo-hipofisaria o traumatismos craneoencefálicos, tumores, granulomas, idiopáticas y otras. La diabetes insípida nefrogénica puede estar producida, a su vez, por causa genéticas o familiares o adquiridas secundarias a fármacos, alteraciones metabólicas y otras. Las pruebas diagnósticas en los estados poliúricos incluyen un estudio basal con determinaciones simultáneas de la osmolalidad plasmática y urinaria, y si éstas no son concluyentes, la prueba de deprivación del agua o prueba de la sed, que permite discernir entre el cuadro de potomanía, y la diabetes insípida, bien central o bien nefrogénica. El diagnóstico de una diabetes insípida neurogénica obliga a la realización de una resonancia magnética hipotálamo-hipofisaria y al estudio hormonal de la hipófisis anterior. El análogo de la vasopresina, la desmopresina, es el tratamiento de elección de la diabetes insípida central. El síndrome de secreción inadecuada de hormona antidiurética (SIADH) es el cuadro derivado de la secreción no fisiológica de AVP y se caracteriza por la presencia de hiponatremia debida a la disminución en la excreción de agua libre. El síndrome puede estar producido por tumores, procesos neurológicos, pulmonares y fármacos. El diagnóstico se realiza con la demostración de hiponatremia, con hipoosmolalidad plasmática, osmolalidad urinaria elevada y ausencia de estados de depleción de volumen, hipervolémicos o insuficiencia renal, así como función tiroidea y adrenal normal. El tratamiento se basa en la restricción hídrica en casos de hiponatremia leve y moderada, precisando aporte de suero salino hipertónico en caso de hiponatremia grave (AU)


Body fluid homeostasis is regulated by water intake, which depends mainly on thirst and urine excretion mainly modulated by arginine vasopressin (AVP). In the absence of AVP, the collecting tubule is impermeable to water diffusion, giving rise to water diuresis with a urinary osmolality of less than 100 mOsm/Kg. In contrast, in the presence of AVP, permeability is considerably increased, water is reabsorbed free of solutes, and urinary osmolality is above 1000 mOsm/Kg. Diabetes insipidus results from an alteration in body water due to inadequate AVP release (central or neurogenic diabetes insipidus) or to a lack of AVP activity in the renal collecting tubule (nephrogenic diabetes insipidus). The syndrome is characterized by polyuria with excretion of large volumes of urine (>3.5 L/day), polydipsia, and general symptoms. The etiology of central diabetes insipidus can be familial but this disease is more frequently caused by acquired forms after hypothalamic-pituitary surgery, head injuries, tumors, granulomas, and idiopathic and other forms. Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus can be produced by genetic, familial, or acquired forms secondary to drugs, metabolic alterations, and other factors. Diagnostic tests in polyuric states include baseline evaluation with simultaneous determination of plasma and urinary osmolality and, if these tests are inconclusive, the water deprivation test allows symptoms of potomania and diabetes insipidus, whether central of nephrogenic, to be distinguished. Diagnosis of neurogenic diabetes insipidus requires hypothalamic-pituitary magnetic resonance imaging and hormonal study of the anterior pituitary gland. The treatment of choice for central diabetes insipidus is the vasopressin analog, desmopressin. The syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) results from non-physiological AVP secretion and is characterized by the presence of hyponatremia due to impaired free water excretion. This syndrome can be caused by tumors, neurological processes, pulmonary disease, and drugs. Diagnosis is based on findings of hyponatremia with plasma hypoosmolality, elevated urine osmolality, absence of volume depletion states and hypervolemia, and normal renal, adrenal, and thyroid function. Treatment consists of water restriction in mild and moderate hyponatremia. Hypertonic saline is required in severe hyponatremia (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Vasopressinas , Síndrome de Secreção Inadequada de HAD/fisiopatologia , Diabetes Insípido/diagnóstico , Diabetes Insípido/etiologia , Doenças da Hipófise/fisiopatologia , Doenças da Hipófise/diagnóstico , Doenças da Hipófise/terapia , Neuro-Hipófise/fisiopatologia , Diabetes Insípido/fisiopatologia
8.
Endocrinol. nutr. (Ed. impr.) ; 54(1): 34-43, ene. 2007. ilus, tab
Artigo em Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-052498

RESUMO

Una vez establecido el diagnóstico de deficiencia de corticotropina se lleva a cabo la sustitución de glucocorticoides, de preferencia con hidrocortisona. Tradicionalmente se emplean dosis de alrededor de 30 mg/día, repartidos en 2 dosis, pero los estudios de producción diaria y los valores plasmáticos de cortisol a lo largo del día indican mejores resultados con dosis más bajas y más fraccionadas. En la insuficiencia suprarrenal aguda se debe incrementar la dosis de hidrocortisona de forma proporcional a la situación de estrés hasta el equivalente a la secreción máxima de cortisol. La deficiencia de tirotropina (TSH) se debe suplir con L-tiroxina sódica aproximadamente 1,7 µg/kg/día. No debe iniciarse el tratamiento hasta haber evaluado la reserva adrenal. De igual forma que en el diagnóstico, la determinación de TSH no es útil para la monitorización del tratamiento. La dosis final de tiroxina dependerá de la normalización de la T4 libre. El tratamiento del hipogonadismo masculino tiene como objetivos restaurar la función sexual, mantener los caracteres sexuales secundarios y también la prevención de la osteoporosis. El tratamiento de elección del paciente con hipogonadismo hipogonadotropo es la testosterona. En la actualidad se dispone de parches transdérmicos o escrotales, geles transdérmicos y preparados intramusculares y de depósito. En aquellos casos en que se desee fertilidad debe iniciarse tratamiento con gonadotropinas; sólo si no hay respuesta se iniciará tratamiento con hormona liberadora de gonadotropina (GnRH). El tratamiento del hipogonadismo secundario en la mujer depende del objetivo que se persigue: tratamiento sustitutivo o inducción de la ovulación. En el primer caso se utilizarán preparados con estrógenos y progestágenos, bien por vía oral o a través de parches transdérmicos. Para la inducción de la ovulación deberán administrarse gonadotropinas varios meses o bien administración pulsátil GnRH si el déficit es hipotalámico (AU)


Once a diagnosis of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) deficiency has been made, glucocorticoid replacement therapy, preferably hydrocortisone, is indicated. Traditionally, a dosage of approximately 30 mg/day, divided into 2 doses, has been used. However, studies of plasma cortisol levels throughout the day indicate that better results are achieved with lower and more frequent doses. In adrenal crises, hydrocortisone dose should be increased in proportion to the stress until reaching the equivalent of maximal cortisol secretion. Thyrotropin deficiency should be treated with sodium L-thyroxine at a dosage of approximately 1.7 µg/Kg/day. Adrenal reserve should be evaluated before starting treatment. As in diagnosis, thyroid-stimulating hormone determination is not useful for treatment monitoring. The final thyroxin dosage will depend on normalization of free T4. The aim of treatment of male hypogonadism is to restore sexual function, maintain secondary sexual characteristics, and prevent osteoporosis. The treatment of choice in patients with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism is testosterone. Currently, transdermal or scrotal patches, transdermal gels, and intramuscular and depot injections are available. In patients wishing to preserve fertility, gonadotropin therapy should be started and, only if there is no response, should gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) therapy be initiated. The treatment of secondary hypogonadism in women will depend on whether the goal is hormone replacement or ovulation induction. In hormone replacement, estrogen and progestogen preparations, administered orally or through skin patches, can be used. For ovulation induction, gonadotropin therapy should be given for several months, or pulsatile GnRH administration can be used if the deficiency is hypothalamic (AU)


Assuntos
Masculino , Feminino , Humanos , Hidrocortisona/administração & dosagem , Tireotropina/deficiência , Tiroxina/administração & dosagem , Hipogonadismo/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças da Hipófise/tratamento farmacológico , Adeno-Hipófise/fisiopatologia , Adeno-Hipófise , Hormônio Liberador de Gonadotropina/administração & dosagem
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