[Surgical treatment of benign prostatic obstruction (BPO) in patients under anticoagulation: a review of the bleeding risks of established techniques]. / Die chirurgische Therapie der benignen Prostataobstruktion (BPO) beim antikoagulierten Patienten: eine Übersichtsarbeit über die Blutungsrisiken etablierter Techniken.

BACKGROUND: In an aging society an increase of benign prostatic obstruction (BPO) requiring treatment is to be expected and the proportion of patients with cardiovascular comorbidities under anticoagulation is also increasing. As the operative treatment of BPO can be problematic, the hemostatic effect of the techniques is of particular importance. OBJECTIVE: This review article discusses the data situation on the bleeding risk of established surgical techniques and the statement of the European Association of Urology (EAU) guidelines "EAU guidelines on management of non-neurogenic male lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), incl. benign prostatic obstruction (BPO)" on this topic. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Data analysis from PubMed. RESULTS: The EAU guidelines favor transurethral laser vaporization of the prostate using "greenlight", thulium or diode laser and laser enucleation using a holmium or thulium laser in this patient collective. The bipolar is superior to monopolar transurethral resection (TUR-P) in hemostasis. In the future bipolar enucleation of the prostate (BipoLEP) can be an alternative under good hemostasis. Bleeding is a rare complication after recently established minimally invasive techniques, such as Urolift®, I­TIND© and Rezum™, the same applies to prostate artery embolization. Aqua-ablation/AquaBeam® seems to be unsuitable due to frequent hematuria. Surgical adenomectomy can be associated with a high risk of bleeding. CONCLUSION: According to current data, transurethral laser vaporization and enucleation of the prostate are the treatment of choice for patients under anticoagulation; however, other transurethral techniques, such as BipoLEP have an acceptable risk of bleeding and can be an alternative depending on local resources. Newer minimally invasive approaches could become more important in the future.

Examination of claudin-1 expression in patients undergoing liver transplantation owing to hepatitis C virus cirrhosis.

The cell adhesion molecule claudin-1 (CLDN-1) is a well known co-factor for the cell entry of hepatitis C virus (HCV). We examined 24 hepatic biopsies from liver transplant patients. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry were performed according to standard procedures. RT-PCR results were shown as relative expression (ΔCT) with beta-actin as the reference gene. Immunohistochemistry results are shown by morphometry. The CLDN-1 mRNS expression rate was significantly lower when the patient displayed favorably with an unsatisfactory to antiviral therapy 0.756 ± 0.249 versus 1.304 ± 0.28 (P=.012). There was also a strong positive correlation between CLDN-1 protein expression and liver fibrosis (Pearson correlation coefficients: r=0.476; P=.034).