FAIR reporting of clinical trials for public health practice.

The number of clinical trials is rapidly growing, and automation of literature processing is becoming desirable but unresolved. Our purpose was to assess and increase the readiness of clinical trial reports for supporting automated retrieval and implementation in public health practice. We searched the Medline database for a random sample of clinical trials of HIV/AIDS management with likely relevance to public health in Africa. Five authors assessed trial reports for inclusion, extracted data, and assessed quality based on the FAIR principles of scientific data management (findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable). Subsequently, we categorized reported results in terms of outcomes and essentials of implementation. A sample of 96 trial reports was selected. Information about the tested intervention that is essential for practical implementation was largely missing, including personnel resources needed 32·3% (.95 CI: 22·9-41·6); material/supplies needed 33·3% (.95 CI: 23·9-42·8); major equipment/building investment 42·8% (CI: 33·8-53·7); methods of educating providers 53·1% (CI: 43·1-63·4); and methods of educating the community 27·1% (CI: 18·2-36·0). Overall, 65% of studies measured health/biologic outcomes, among them, only a fraction showed any positive effects. Several specific design elements were identified that frequently make clinical trials unreal and their results unusable. To sort and interpret clinical trial results easier and faster, a new reporting structure, a practice- and retrieval-oriented trial outline with numeric outcomes (PROTON) table was developed and illustrated. Many clinical trials are either inconsequential by design or report incomprehensible results. According to the latest expectations of FAIR scientific data management, all clinical trial reports should include a consistent and practical impact-oriented table of clinical trial results.

Public safety redefined: Mitigating trauma by centering the community in community mental health.

The summer of 2020 marked a shift in public perception of police brutality and racism in the United States. Following the police murder of George Floyd and ensuing social unrest, the appropriate role and function of the police in communities have been a frequent topic of debate. Of particular concern is the intersection of policing and mental health where we see a pattern of police using excessive force disproportionately against persons with disabilities, especially mental health disabilities (Autistic Self Advocacy Network, 2017). The introduction of race only exacerbates this disparity (Saleh et al., 2018). Given the realities of these mental health inequities, the aim of this scoping review is to explore first response models/programs that emphasize a therapeutic intervention as an alternative to policing. Seventeen articles were selected for inclusion in the review, six exploratory or experimental studies and 11 review or discussion articles. Using findings from the review, we offer recommendations to help reimagine this country's approach to emergency response. We urge psychologists and other health care providers to step out of the clinic and engage the community in the development of crisis responses for mental health emergencies that are therapeutic rather than inflammatory, healing rather than harming. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Data Integration for the Study of Outstanding Productivity in Biomedical Research.

Our goal is to analyze improvement of scientific performance in a multidimensional outcome space, with a focus on US-based biomedical research. With the growing diversity of research databases, limiting assessment of scientific productivity to bibliometric measures such as number of publications, impact factor of journals and number of citations, is increasingly challenged. Using a wider range of outcomes, from publications through practice improvements to entrepreneurial outcomes, overcomes many current limitations in the study of research growth. However, combining such heterogeneous datasets raise three challenges: 1. gathering in one common place a variety of data shared as csv, xml or xls files, 2. merging and linking this data, that sometimes overlap, 3. assessing the impact of research production and inclusive practices in a multidimensional space, that are often missing from the datasets. We would like to present our solution for the first of those challenges, and discuss our leads for the second and third challenges.

Ethnic Disparities in Trauma-Related Mental Illness: Is Ethnic Identity a Buffer?

Despite evidence that racial and ethnic characteristics influence the impact of traumatic exposure on psychological health, little is known about how race and ethnic identity can alter, and possibly protect against, the effects of trauma on the psychiatric diagnoses of women. Therefore, the present study examined the moderating role of race/ethnicity and ethnic identity in the link between trauma exposure and psychiatric diagnosis for African American and Caucasian college women. Participants were a sample of 242 women from the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States who self-identified as African American or Black (31%) and European American or Caucasian (69%; M age = 19.5 years). Interviews were conducted over the phone to screen for trauma, followed by longer in-person interviews. Each of the interviewers was supervised, and interviews were reviewed to control for quality. Regression analyses revealed that the number of traumatic events was a stronger predictor of lifetime psychiatric diagnoses for Caucasian women. In addition, ethnic identity served as a protective factor against trauma exposure among participants. The findings suggest that ethnic identity is a relevant buffer against potential psychiatric diagnoses as result of exposure to traumatic events for both Caucasian and African American women.

Streptococcus pneumoniae potently induces cell death in mesothelial cells.

Pleural infection/empyema is common and its incidence continues to rise. Streptococcus pneumoniae is the commonest bacterial cause of empyema in children and among the commonest in adults. The mesothelium represents the first line of defense against invading microorganisms, but mesothelial cell responses to common empyema pathogens, including S. pneumoniae, have seldom been studied. We assessed mesothelial cell viability in vitro following exposure to common empyema pathogens. Clinical isolates of S. pneumoniae from 25 patients with invasive pneumococcal disease and three reference strains were tested. All potently induced death of cultured mesothelial cells (MeT-5A) in a dose- and time-dependent manner (>90% at 107 CFU/mL after 24 hours). No significant mesothelial cell killing was observed when cells were co-cultured with Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus sanguinis and Streptococcus milleri group bacteria. S. pneumoniae induced mesothelial cell death via secretory product(s) as cytotoxicity could be: i) reproduced using conditioned media derived from S. pneumoniae and ii) in transwell studies when the bacteria and mesothelial cells were separated. No excess cell death was seen when heat-killed S. pneumoniae were used. Pneumolysin, a cytolytic S. pneumoniae toxin, induced cell death in a time- and dose-dependent manner. S. pneumoniae lacking the pneumolysin gene (D39 ΔPLY strain) failed to kill mesothelial cells compared to wild type (D39) controls, confirming the necessity of pneumolysin in D39-induced mesothelial cell death. However, pneumolysin gene mutation in other S. pneumoniae strains (TIGR4, ST3 and ST23F) only partly abolished their cytotoxic effects, suggesting different strains may induce cell death via different mechanisms.

Canadian epileptologists' counseling of drivers amidst guideline inconsistencies.

BACKGROUND: Epilepsy is a common medical condition for which physicians perform driver fitness assessments. The Canadian Medical association (CMA) and the Canadian Council of Motor transportation administrators (CCMTA) publish documents to guide Canadian physicians' driver fitness assessments. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to measure the consistency of driver fitness counseling among epileptologists in Canada, and to determine whether inconsistencies between national guidelines are associated with greater variability in counseling instructions. METHODS: We surveyed 35 epileptologists in Canada (response rate 71%) using a questionnaire that explored physicians' philosophies about driver fitness assessments and counseling practices of seizure patients in common clinical scenarios. Of the nine scenarios, CCMTA and CMA recommendations were concordant for only two. Cumulative agreement for all scenarios was calculated using Kappa statistic. Agreement for concordant (two) vs. discordant (seven) scenarios were split at the median and analyzed using the Wilcoxon signed rank sum test. RESULTS: Overall the agreement between respondents for the clinical scenarios was not acceptable (Kappa=0.28). For the two scenarios where CMa and CCMta guidelines were concordant, specialists had high levels of agreement with recommendations (89% each). A majority of specialists disagreed with CMa recommendations in three of seven discordant scenarios. The lack of consistency in respondents' agreement attained statistical significance (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Canadian epileptologists have variable counseling practices about driving, and this may be attributable to inconsistencies between CMa and CCMta medical fitness guidelines. This study highlights the need to harmonize driving recommendations in order to prevent physician and patient confusion about driving fitness in Canada.

A collaborative mental health research agenda in a community of poor and underserved Latinos.

The goal of this project was to engage community members and grassroots organizations in a discussion regarding perceived mental health needs and priorities of the population of underserved Latinos in Montgomery County, Maryland. Community-based participatory research was used to establish structures for participation and to design studies that effectively address local mental health needs. Four focus groups with 30 Latino lay health promoters and 20 key informant interviews were conducted to ascertain communal mental health needs and priorities. The main issues that emerged included mental health stigma, consequences of immigration-related stress, violence and alcoholism, and concerns about psychotropic medications. Ideas to address these issues and foster wellness through research were generated during a community-based workshop that included consumers, primary care and mental health clinicians, researchers, and representatives of local organizations and federal agencies. The product of this process was an implementable mental health research agenda, which is presented and discussed.

Cultural protective factors for community risks and substance use among rural African American adolescents.

Relatively little attention has been afforded to protective factors for community-level risks among non-urban populations. This study examined the extent to which traditional cultural attitudes and behaviors of 137 African American adolescents (ages 12-17) from a rural community moderated the relationship between perceived community disorganization and substance use behaviors. Results from hierarchical linear regression revealed that traditional cultural attitudes and behaviors were differentially related to community disorganization and adolescent substance use. In terms of protective influences, religious beliefs and practices and traditional family practices moderated the effect of community disorganization on substance use. Specifically, religious beliefs and practices demonstrated a protective-stabilizing effect as community disorganization increased; traditional family practices demonstrated a protective but reactive effect. Attitudes of cultural mistrust increased youth's susceptibility to substance use as community disorganization worsened--vulnerable and reactive. The findings underscore the importance of examining the link between cultural and contextual factors in an attempt to understand the etiology of substance use among rural African American adolescents.

Gold diggers, video vixens, and Jezebels: stereotype images and substance use among urban African American girls.

BACKGROUND: This study sought to examine the relationship of negative stereotype attitudes and endorsement of western standards of beauty (i.e., colorism) on the substance use behavior of low-income urban African American girls. Racial socialization was also examined as a potential moderator to identify any buffering effects of parental messages concerning race. METHODS: Two hundred seventy-two African American female adolescents (mean age 13.02 years) were recruited from community venues in a Northeastern city. Adolescents completed a self-report questionnaire. RESULTS: Results of a series of hierarchical regression analyses indicated that girls who accepted an African American standard of beauty reported lower levels of substance use than those who endorsed colorism. Additionally, racial socialization buffered the negative relationship of colorism to substance use behavior, but only for a certain subset of girls. CONCLUSIONS: Tailored health interventions that consider both gender-specific and race-specific issues may improve risk behaviors, including substance use among adolescent females.

Why take an HIV test? Concerns, benefits, and strategies to promote HIV testing among low-income heterosexual African American young adults.

A qualitative study examined perceptions of HIV testing and strategies to enhance HIV testing among HIV-negative African American heterosexual young adults (ages 18-25 years). Twenty-six focus groups (13 male groups, 13 female groups) were conducted in two low-income communities (urban and rural). All sessions were audio-recorded and transcribed. Data analysis was completed using AnSWR software. Many participants expressed that learning one's HIV status, regardless of the result, was a benefit of taking an HIV test because this was perceived to produce emotional relief. Additional benefits included the avoidance of unknowingly spreading the virus, being offered treatment access if HIV-positive, and taking time to assess and modify risky sexual behaviors if HIV-negative. If diagnosed HIV-positive, HIV testing concerns included the recognition of one's mortality, the experience of social stigma, and concerns about accessing affordable treatment. Recommended promotion strategies included the use of HIV-positive individuals, pop culture icons, and the media to promote HIV testing messages.

Outcomes of multigestational pregnancies affected by congenital diaphragmatic hernia.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: The prognosis for multiple vs singleton pregnancies affected by congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is not known. To improve the counseling of families with multiple gestation pregnancies complicated by CDH, we examined outcomes of a consecutive series of CDH cases occurring in multiple gestation pregnancy referrals. METHODS: Clinical characteristics and morbidity and mortality data were gathered for a consecutive series of infants with CDH from 16 multiple gestation pregnancies. Outcomes were compared to a cohort of 91 patients with CDH from singleton pregnancies. Multivariate regression was also used in an attempt to determine whether multiple gestation pregnancy was independently predictive of subsequent long-term adverse outcomes. RESULTS: Four pregnancies were lost to follow-up, and 1 underwent selective reduction. Overall mortality for live-born multiple gestation fetuses affected by CDH was 30% and was 8% for unaffected siblings. No pregnancy was concordant. Clinical features were not different between the case series and control infants, except median gestational age at delivery, which was significantly lower for the multigestational infants (34 [range, 32-36] vs 38 [range, 28-41] weeks) (P = .02). Long-term morbidity was comparable between cases and controls. CONCLUSIONS: In terms of mortality, outcomes of multigestational pregnancies affected by CDH are no worse than for CDH pregnancies in general. Long-term risk may depend more on CDH severity rather than the presence of multiple fetuses.

Underlying mechanisms in the relationship between Africentric worldview and depressive symptoms.

This study examines underlying mechanisms in the relationship between an Africentric worldview and depressive symptoms. Participants were 112 African American young adults. An Africentric worldview buffered the association between perceived stress and depressive symptoms. The relationship between an Africentric worldview and depressive symptoms was mediated by perceived stress and emotion-focused coping. These findings highlight the protective function of an Africentric worldview in the context of African Americans' stress experiences and psychological health and offer promise for enhancing African American mental health service delivery and treatment interventions.

Identification of MIR390a precursor processing-defective mutants in Arabidopsis by direct genome sequencing.

Transacting siRNA (tasiRNA) biogenesis in Arabidopsis is initiated by microRNA (miRNA) -guided cleavage of primary transcripts. In the case of TAS3 tasiRNA formation, ARGONAUTE7 (AGO7)-miR390 complexes interact with primary transcripts at two sites, resulting in recruitment of RNA-DEPENDENT RNA POLYMERASE6 for dsRNA biosynthesis. An extensive screen for Arabidopsis mutants with specific defects in TAS3 tasiRNA biogenesis or function was done. This yielded numerous ago7 mutants, one dcl4 mutant, and two mutants that accumulated low levels of miR390. A direct genome sequencing-based approach to both map and rapidly identify one of the latter mutant alleles was developed. This revealed a G-to-A point mutation (mir390a-1) that was calculated to stabilize a relatively nonpaired region near the base of the MIR390a foldback, resulting in misprocessing of the miR390/miR390* duplex and subsequent reduced TAS3 tasiRNA levels. Directed substitutions, as well as analysis of variation at paralogous miR390-generating loci (MIR390a and MIR390b), indicated that base pair properties and nucleotide identity within a region 4-6 bases below the miR390/miR390* duplex region contributed to the efficiency and accuracy of precursor processing.

Stress and stress reduction among African American women: a brief report.

This brief report looks at the impact of discrimination, poverty and daily hassles on the stress and the subsequent health of African American women. Using this contextual framework, an Africentric, female-centered stress reduction program is presented to address the specific needs of this population. Thirty-three African American women between the ages of 22 and 63 participated in either an 8-h pilot of the proposed Africentric program or a 7-h standard stress reduction intervention. Descriptions of both interventions are presented. Implications for the use of stress reduction techniques in health promotion efforts among African American women are discussed.

Survival of severe congenital diaphragmatic hernia has morbid consequences.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Fetal tracheal occlusion (TO) was developed in an attempt to enhance prenatal lung growth and improve survival in fetuses with severe congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). We conducted a randomized, controlled clinical trial in 24 fetuses with severe left CDH (liver herniated into the thorax and low lung-to-head ratio) to compare survival after endoscopic fetal TO vs standard perinatal care (control) and prospectively followed up the 16 survivors (9 control, 7 TO) to compare neurodevelopmental, respiratory, surgical, growth, and nutritional outcomes. METHODS: At 1 and 2 years old, subjects underwent evaluation consisting of medical and neurological history and physical, developmental testing, nutritional assessment, oxygen saturation and pulmonary function testing, chest radiograph, and echocardiogram. Growth and developmental measures were corrected for prematurity. Data were analyzed by Mann-Whitney rank sum test, Fisher's Exact test, and logistic and linear regression. RESULTS: Infants with TO were significantly more premature at birth (control vs TO, 37.4 +/- 1.0 vs 31.1 +/- 1.7 weeks; P < .01). Growth failure ( z score for weight <2 SDs below mean) was severe in both groups at 1 year of age (control vs TO, 56% vs 86%; P = .31). There was considerable catch-up growth by age 2 years (growth failure: control vs TO, 22% vs 33%; P = .19). There were no differences in other growth parameters. There were also no differences in neurodevelopmental outcome at 1 and 2 years. Supplemental oxygen at hospital discharge was a significant predictor of worse neurodevelopmental outcome at 1 and 2 years old (P = .05 and P = .02, respectively). Hearing loss requiring amplification has been diagnosed in 44% of the group (control vs TO, 44% vs 43%; P = 1.0). CONCLUSIONS: In this group of infants with severe CDH, there were no differences in outcome at 2 years old despite significant prematurity in the TO group. Oxygen supplementation at hospital discharge identified the most vulnerable group with respect to neurodevelopmental outcome, but all infants had significant growth failure, and hearing impairment is a substantial problem in this population. Severe CDH carries significant risk of chronic morbidity.

Quantitative analysis of temporal lobe white matter T2 relaxation time in temporal lobe epilepsy.

The objective of this study was to assess temporal lobe white matter (WM) quantitatively using T2 relaxometry in patients with pharmacologically intractable temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). T2 relaxometry was performed using a dual-echo sequence with 23 contiguous oblique coronal slices in 56 consecutive TLE patients and in 30 healthy subjects. Averages of six slices were chosen to calculate T2 relaxation time in the temporal lobe WM (WM-T2) and the hippocampus (Hippo-T2). Twenty-seven patients had unilateral hippocampal atrophy (HA), and twenty-nine patients had normal hippocampal volumes (NV) on volumetric MRI. Mean WM-T2 was increased ipsilateral to the seizure focus in TLE patients with HA and those with NV (P < 0.001). Contralateral mean WM-T2 was increased in left and right TLE with HA (P < 0.001) and in right TLE with NV (P = 0.001). There was a positive correlation between WM-T2 and Hippo-T2. Individual analysis showed a prolongation of WM-T2 in about 70% of TLE patients with HA and NV. In half of the patients, WM-T2 increase was bilateral and symmetric. However, in 33% of patients with NV and bilateral symmetric increase in Hippo-T2, WM-T2 provided a correct lateralization of the seizure focus. Regardless of the pattern of T2 abnormalities, that is, bilateral symmetric or ipsilateral, the majority of patients with HA became seizure-free after surgery, while those with NV did not have a favorable outcome. In patients with NV, WM-T2 measurement may provide additional lateralizing information compared to Hippo-T2.

Syringocystadenoma papilliferum: an unusual cutaneous lesion in a pediatric patient.

We report a case of syringocystadenoma papilliferum, a rare cutaneous adnexal neoplasm, occurring synchronously in two distinct unusual locations in a 22-month-old child with lesions on the lower leg and back.

Contrast material-enhanced MRA overestimates severity of carotid stenosis, compared with 3D time-of-flight MRA.

OBJECTIVE: Non-contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) carotid imaging with the time-of-flight (TOF) technique compares favorably with angiography, ultrasound, and excised plaques. However, gadolinium contrast-enhanced MRA (CE-MRA) has almost universally replaced TOF-MRA, because it reduces imaging time (25 seconds vs 10 minutes) and improves signal-to-noise ratio. In our practice we found alarming discrepancies between CE-MRA and TOF-MRA, which was the impetus for this study.Study design To compare the two techniques, we measured stenosis, demonstrated on three-dimensional images obtained at TOF and CE-MRA, in 107 carotid arteries in 58 male patients. The measurements were made on a Cemax workstation equipped with enlargement and measurement tools. Measurements to 0.1 mm were made at 90 degrees to the flow channel at the area of maximal stenosis and distal to the bulb where the borders of the internal carotid artery lumen were judged to be parallel (North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial criteria). Experiments with carotid phantoms were done to test the contribution of imaging software to image quality. RESULTS: Twelve arteries were occluded. In the remaining 95 arteries, compared with TOF-MRA, CE-MRA demonstrated a greater degree of stenosis in 42 arteries, a lesser degree of stenosis in 14 arteries, and similar (+/-5%) stenosis in 39 arteries (P =.02, chi(2) analysis). The largest discrepancies were arteries with 0% to 70% stenosis. In those arteries in which CE-MRA identified a greater degree of stenosis than shown with TOF-MRA, mean increase was 21% for 0% to 29% stenosis, 36% for 30% to 49% stenosis, and 38% for of 50% to 69% stenosis. The carotid phantom experiments showed that the imaging parameters of CE-MRA, particularly the plane on which frequency encoding gradients were applied, reduced signal acquisition at the area of stenosis. CONCLUSIONS: Collectively these data demonstrate that CE-MRA parameters must be retooled if the method is to be considered reliable for determination of severity of carotid artery stenosis. CE-MRA is an excellent screening technique, but only TOF-MRA should be used to determine degree of carotid artery stenosis.

The influence of cultural and racial identification on the psychosocial adjustment of inner-city African American children in school.

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship and combined influence of racial identity and Africentric values on African American children's psychosocial adjustment. Participants were 104 (53 males, 51 females) African American fourth-grade students attending an inner-city public school in a northeastern city. Child and teacher ratings were used to assess the relationship between racial identity, Africentric values, and several indices of child psychosocial adjustment, including child behavior control, school interest, and teacher perceptions of child strengths and problems in the classroom. Child self-esteem and the effects of gender and cohort were used as covariates in several analyses in the study. Overall, findings from the study supported the usefulness of combining racial identity and Africentric values into a single model of ethnic identification for African American children. Implications for risk prevention and enhancement of psychosocial functioning among African American children are discussed.