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Antioxidants play an important role in the prevention of oxidative stress and have been widely used in medicine and healthcare. However, natural antioxidants have several limitations such as low stability, difficult long-term storage, and high cost of large-scale production. Along with significant advances in nanotechnology, nanomaterials have emerged as a promising solution to improve the limitations of natural antioxidants because of their high stability, easy storage, time effectiveness, and low cost. Among various types of nanomaterials exhibiting antioxidant activity, metal-based nanoantioxidants show excellent reactivity because of the presence of an unpaired electron in their atomic structure. In this review, we summarize some novel metal-based nanoantioxidants and classify them into two main categories, namely chain-breaking and preventive antioxidant nanomaterials. In addition, the applications of antioxidant nanomaterials in medicine and healthcare are also discussed. This review provides a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of metal-based nanoantioxidants and a guideline for using these nanomaterials in medicine and healthcare.
RESUMO
Background Generalized pustular psoriasis (GPP) is a chronic disease associated with genetic factors related to mutations of the interleukin 36 receptor antagonist gene (IL36RN) and the caspase recruitment domain 14 gene (CARD14). However, the relevance of these mutations to the clinical features and severity of GPP remains unclear. Aims Our objective was to correlate the presence of IL36RN and CARD14 mutations with the clinical and laboratory findings in patients with GPP. Methods This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in 64 subjects with GPP. Clinical manifestations were recorded and the severity was graded as mild, moderate, or severe. Routine laboratory tests were performed and blood samples were collected for Sanger sequencing. The clinical data of patients were compared among the different mutation groups. Results The two main variants of IL36RN were c.115+6T > C (p.Arg10ArgfsX1) and c.227C > T (p.Pro76Leu). The major CARD14 mutations were c.2458C > T (p.Arg820Trp), c.1641C > T (p.Arg547Ser), and c.1753G > A transitions. Provocative factors were uncommon in the group with both IL36RN and CARD14 mutations. Drugs (unspecified), especially herbals, were the most common triggers. A history of psoriasis was frequent in patients with only CARD14 mutations, but fever was uncommon. The c.1641C > T mutation was associated with leukocytosis > 15000/mm3 and the c.1753G > A mutation was associated with hypoalbuminemia <3.8g/dL. Both the c.115+6T > C and c.227C > T variants of IL36RN were associated with fever ≥38.5°C while the c.115+6T > C variant was also associated with geographic tongue. No gene mutations were associated with the total severity and severity grades. Limitations Four patients without the two major IL36RN mutations were excluded from the study. Conclusion The presence of IL36RN and CARD14 mutations were associated with a history of psoriasis, various provocative factors, fever, leukocytosis, hypoalbuminemia, and geographic tongue. Further studies to explore the role of these mutations in therapeutic efficacy and disease outcomes are necessary.
