Magnetized Disruption of Inertially Confined Plasma Flows.

The creation and disruption of inertially collimated plasma flows are investigated through experiment, simulation, and analytical modeling. Supersonic plasma jets are generated by laser-irradiated plastic cones and characterized by optical interferometry measurements. Targets are magnetized with a tunable B field with strengths of up to 5 T directed along the axis of jet propagation. These experiments demonstrate a hitherto unobserved phenomenon in the laboratory, the magnetic disruption of inertially confined plasma jets. This occurs due to flux compression on axis during jet formation and can be described using a Lagrangian-cylinder model of plasma evolution implementing finite resistivity. The basic physical mechanisms driving the dynamics of these systems are described by this model and then compared with two-dimensional radiation-magnetohydrodynamic simulations. Experimental, computational, and analytical results discussed herein suggest that contemporary models underestimate the electrical conductivity necessary to drive the amount of flux compression needed to explain observations of jet disruption.

How high energy fluxes may affect Rayleigh-Taylor instability growth in young supernova remnants.

Energy-transport effects can alter the structure that develops as a supernova evolves into a supernova remnant. The Rayleigh-Taylor instability is thought to produce structure at the interface between the stellar ejecta and the circumstellar matter, based on simple models and hydrodynamic simulations. Here we report experimental results from the National Ignition Facility to explore how large energy fluxes, which are present in supernovae, affect this structure. We observed a reduction in Rayleigh-Taylor growth. In analyzing the comparison with supernova SN1993J, a Type II supernova, we found that the energy fluxes produced by heat conduction appear to be larger than the radiative energy fluxes, and large enough to have dramatic consequences. No reported astrophysical simulations have included radiation and heat conduction self-consistently in modeling supernova remnants and these dynamics should be noted in the understanding of young supernova remnants.

Observation of Single-Mode, Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability in a Supersonic Flow.

We report the first observation, in a supersonic flow, of the evolution of the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability from a single-mode initial condition. To obtain these data, we used a novel experimental system to produce a steady shock wave of unprecedented duration in a laser-driven experiment. The shocked, flowing material creates a shear layer between two plasmas at high energy density. We measured the resulting interface structure using radiography. Hydrodynamic simulations reproduce the large-scale structures very well and the medium-scale structures fairly well, and imply that we observed the expected reduction in growth rate for supersonic shear flow.

Imaging x-ray Thomson scattering spectrometer design and demonstration (invited).

In many laboratory astrophysics experiments, intense laser irradiation creates novel material conditions with large, one-dimensional gradients in the temperature, density, and ionization state. X-ray Thomson scattering is a powerful technique for measuring these plasma parameters. However, the scattered signal has previously been measured with little or no spatial resolution, which limits the ability to diagnose inhomogeneous plasmas. We report on the development of a new imaging x-ray Thomson spectrometer (IXTS) for the Omega laser facility. The diffraction of x-rays from a toroidally curved crystal creates high-resolution images that are spatially resolved along a one-dimensional profile while spectrally dispersing the radiation. This focusing geometry allows for high brightness while localizing noise sources and improving the linearity of the dispersion. Preliminary results are presented from a scattering experiment that used the IXTS to measure the temperature profile of a shocked carbon foam.