The genus Liothrips (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) in Australia.

Eight species of Liothrips are recognised from Australia, including L. burwelli sp.n., L. chionanthes sp.n. and L. timonii sp.n., also three species shared with southeast Asia. Evidence is presented that L. vaneeckei, the Lily Bulb Thrips, is widespread in eastern Australia presumably on native plants, and that it has been on this continent for many years. The illustrated identification key includes a ninth species, L. urichi, as a potential introduction to Australia for biocontrol purposes. L. brevifemur Girault is considered a nomen dubium known only from fragments of the unique holotype. Two species are newly transferred from Liothrips as Teuchothrips soror (Hood) comb. nov. and Kellyia tenuis (Hood) comb. nov. Generic relationships are discussed, particularly with one new species that is intermediate in structure between Liothrips and Gynaikothrips.

Structural diversity among the leaf-feeding thrips of Australia in the genus Teuchothrips (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripinae) with 20 new species.

An identification system, together with illustrated notes, is presented to 34 species of the genus Teuchothrips known from Australia, including the following 20 species newly described: T. agonis sp.n., T. aliceae sp.n., T. badu sp.n., T. bundjalong sp.n., T. dodonaea sp.n., T. gangurru sp.n., T. garrunggam sp.n., T. jarowair sp.n., T. jukun sp.n., T. kaurna sp.n., T. kokatha sp.n., T. larrakia sp.n., T. leptospermum sp.n., T. lutruwita sp.n., T. mareeba sp.n., T. miriwoong sp.n., T. monga sp.n., T. mooni sp.n., T. tolga sp.n., T. toowoomba sp.n. Two species from Philippines are removed from Teuchothrips as Liothrips capitulatus (Reyes) comb.n. and L. pedanus (Reyes) comb.n. The genus Teuchothrips is very species rich in Australia, particularly in the northern tropical zone, presumably in association with the richer flora of perennial shrubs in the warmer and more humid north.

Phlaeothripidae (Thysanoptera) diversity in Australia, with three new generic records and two new species.

The genera Ponticulothrips, Trichinothrips and Tylothrips are newly recorded from Australia. Litotetothrips symplocosae sp.n. is described as the fourth species from Australia of this Asian genus, and Ponticulothrips mudloi sp.n. is described as the second known species in this genus that was previously known only from Japan. Trichinothrips and Tylothrips are each represented in Australia by single species, each of which is known from several countries.

Convoluted maxillary stylets among Australian Thysanoptera Phlaeothripinae associated mainly with Casuarinaceae trees.

The diversity is reviewed of Phlaeothripinae in Australia with unusually long or convoluted maxillary stylets. This comprises a total of 28 species in eight genera, including Enigmathrips carnarvoni gen et sp.n., Adrothrips latrarei sp.n., A. lihongae sp.n., A. madiae sp.n., A mitcheli sp.n., A. vernoni sp.n., and A. westoni sp.n., also Heligmothrips exallus sp.n., H. macropus sp.n., H. narrabri sp.n. and H. xanthoskelus sp.n., and Iotatubothrips daguilari sp.n. Among Phlaeothripinae, such exceptionally long feeding stylets are known only from Australia and have evolved independently within the unrelated genera Adrothrips and Heligmothrips in association with the green branchlets of Casuarinaceae species. A few species appear to have diverged in their feeding habits and have adapted to fungal-hyphal feeding on the trunks of trees.

Taxonomic problems with Gynaikothrips and related genera (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripinae): the ficorum/uzeli complex and taxa endemic to Australia.

Ten species from Australia in or related to the genus Gynaikothrips are discussed. Variation among specimens of the pest species on Ficus trees, the ficorum/uzeli complex, is examined with the conclusion that recognition of these two species remains questionable. Two species related to this complex are newly recorded from Australia, insulsus Priesner and luzonensis Priesner, and edentatus Priesner is placed as a syn.n. of ficorum. Two new Gynaikothrips are described, jasmini sp.n. and platypodae sp.n., and additamentus Karny is transferred from Gynaikothrips to Eilapinothrips gen.n. A new species of Agynaikothrips is described as the third known member of this genus, lorieni sp.n., and Liothrips umbratus Hood comb.rev. is returned to this original genus from Gynaikothrips. Two species described in Gynaikothrips from the Philippines, capitulatus Reyes and pedanus Reyes, are transferred to the genus Teuchothrips. The monobasic genus, Aiganothrips Bhatti, is considered a syn.n. of Gynaikothrips, and the monobasic genus, Jennythrips Bhatti, is considered a syn.n. of Liothrips.

Litotetothrips Priesner (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripinae); an Asian genus newly recorded from Australia with two new species and one new combination.

Relationships are discussed among the five genera related to Liothrips in which species have antennal segment VIII long and slender. Litotetothrips is the oldest of these generic names and is used here for three species newly recorded from Australia: L. caledonensis (Bournier) comb.n., L. gallicola sp.n. and L. tareei sp.n.

Eurynothrips Bagnall (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripinae): a rare and long-lost Australian genus, with one new gall-inducing species.

The monotypic genus of horn-headed thrips, Eurynothrips Bagnall, had not been seen since its discovery in the early 1900s in northern Australia, and nothing is known of its biology. A second species of the genus, E. laheyi sp.n., is described from southern Queensland, inducing galls on the young terminal leaves of the small tree, Planchonella pohlmaniana [Sapotaceae].

Tubuliferous Thysanoptera in Australia with an enlarged tenth abdominal segment (Phlaeothripidae, Idolothripinae), including six new species.

Remarkable structural variation in the tenth abdominal segment of some Phlaeothripidae species is discussed, together with its behavioural significance. Two tropical genera are newly recorded from Australia: in Acallurothrips Bagnall four species are recorded, A. darumbali sp.n., A. erubi sp.n., A. yagara sp.n. and A. nogutii Kurosawa, and in Neosmerinthothrips Schmutz two species are recorded, N. barrowi sp.n. and N. turrbali sp.n. The genus Ozothrips was previously based on five species from New Zealand, but O. meanjini sp.n. is here described from Queensland. Four species of Pygothrips are recorded from Australia, a genus that is widespread in tropical countries.

Structural variation among species of Leeuwenia (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripinae) with three new species from Australia.

The remarkable range of structural variation among the leaf-feeding thrips of the genus Leeuwenia is discussed and contrasted with the lack of intra-generic diversity exhibited by the leaf-feeding species of the related genus Liothrips. An identification key is provided to the eight species of Leeuwenia known from Australia, including three newly described species.

The genus Hoplothrips in Australia (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripinae), with eleven new species.

A key to 19 species from Australia in the genus Hoplothrips is provided, including 11 described as new species: H. bellingeni, H. giganteus, H. lamingtoni, H. lihongae, H. lowdeni, H. nelsoni, H. oakeyi, H. reedi, H. tarsus, H. woodsi, H. wrightae. One species, H. semicaecus (Uzel), is recorded in Australia for the first time, and H. corticis (De Geer) and H. orientalis (Ananthakrishnan) are newly recorded from the Australian mainland. Structural diversity among the species of the genus Hoplothrips is discussed. Members of this genus share many character states with species of Deplorothrips, Hoplandrothrips and Psalidothrips that also live as fungal-hyphal feeders on dead branches and in leaf litter.

A new species of Apostlethrips (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae); an Australian genus from grass tussocks.

In most of the warmer parts of the world, a considerable diversity of thrips live only at ground level where they feed on fungi. In Australia, many such Phlaeothripidae species live in leaf-litter (Mound et al. 2013; Wang et al. 2019), but a different and smaller suite of thrips lives particularly at the base of tussocks of grasses and similar plants (Mound Minaei 2006; Eow et al. 2014; Mound Tree 2018). One genus in this suite, Apostlethrips, has been known only from two species (ThripsWiki 2019), both of which were taken from the base of Triodia grasses in the northern parts of Western Australia. The purpose of the present contribution is to describe a third species in this genus, taken from grasses near Darwin. This new species shares with the other two members of the genus the unusual character of a pair of rather stout and capitate ocellar setae (Fig. 1), but it differs in several other character states. As a result, a revised generic diagnosis is provided here. Pronotal setal abbreviations are as follows: am-anteromarginals; aa-anteroangulars; ml-midlaterals; epim-epimerals; pa-posteroangulars.

Leaf-litter thrips of the genus Psalidothrips (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from Australia, with fifteen new species.

A key is given to 16 Psalidothrips species known from Australia. In contrast to members of this genus from other parts of the world, most of these species show a strong tendency toward wing loss, with associated character states, also remarkable reduction in sclerotisation of the thoracic sclerites. Character state variation is discussed, and 15 new species are described and illustrated: P. bipictus sp.n., P. brittoni sp.n., P. cecryphalus sp.n., P. daguilari sp.n., P. driesseni sp.n., P. gloriousi sp.n., P. greensladeae sp.n., P. howei sp.n., P. minantennus sp.n., P. platetus sp.n., P. postlei sp.n., P. tritus sp.n., P. trivius sp.n., P. verus sp.n. and P. wellsae sp.n.

Rediagnoses of the Asian genera Xylaplothrips and Mesandrothrips (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripinae, Haplothripini), with keys to Australian species.

The genus Xylaplothrips is re-diagnosed, 11 species are listed as appropriately included in this genus of which three are new combinations from Haplothrips (X. acaciae; X. collyerae; X. gahniae). A further six species are listed as incertae sedis within Xylaplothrips and a key is provided to the four species of this genus known from Australia including X. anarsius sp.n. The genus Mesandrothrips is recalled from synonymy with Xylaplothrips, and a list is provided of 20 appropriately included species of which 14 are new combinations from Xylaplothrips (M. caliginosus; M. clavipes; M. darci; M. dubius; M. emineus; M. flavitibia; M. flavus; M. inquilinus; M. montanus; M. pictipes; M. pusillus; M. reedi; M. subterraneus; M. tener), and one is a new combination from Haplothrips (M. inquinatus). A key is provided to 10 species of this genus known from Australia, including three species transferred from Haplothrips, together with M. austrosteensia sp.n., M. googongi sp.n., M. kurandae sp.n., M. lamingtoni sp.n. and M. oleariae sp.n. The type species, M. inquilinus, is widespread across Southeast Asia as an invader of thrips galls, and Haplothrips darci Girault based on a single female from Queensland is considered closely related.

Fungus-feeding thrips of the genus Stephanothrips in Australia (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripinae).

Five species of Stephanothrips are now recorded from Australia, of which one is found worldwide, four are endemic, and two are described here as new species. S. broomei is remarkable for its colour pattern, and S. howei is only the fourth member of the genus to have a prominent hamus on the external margin of the fore tarsus. An illustrated key is provided to distinguish these five species.

Asia-Australia distribution patterns among species of Mystrothrips (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripinae), with two new species.

The genus Mystrothrips now comprises 10 species, of which one is from Brazil but the others from Asia and Australia, including M. brachystylis sp.n. and M. nomadus sp.n. from eastern Australia. Variation among specimens of M. dammermanni from sites in Southeast Asia and Queensland is discussed. Mystrothrips reteanum described from Korea and known from southern China, is here recorded from Fiji and eastern Australia, and moreover is newly recognized as a senior synonym of M. flavidus from Japan.

Two new Australian fungus-feeding thrips in two new Plectrothripini genera (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripinae).

Two new genera are erected of plectrothripine Phlaeothripidae from northern Australia, each based on a single species. One has a long stout projection ventrally on the second antennal segment, the other has a unique arrangement of the dorsal facets of the compound eyes. In both of them the thoracic ventral sclerites are extensively eroded.

Australian mycophagous species of the genus Deplorothrips (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripinae).

The genus Deplorothrips Mound & Walker is recorded from Australia for the first time. The genus is found widely across the continent, and descriptions and an illustrated identification key are provided to 14 new species. These have been found living on dead twigs and branches, particularly of Eucalyptus trees. Typical members of this genus have short maxillary stylets that are scarcely retracted into the head capsule, but some of the species have more deeply retracted stylets. Structural polymorphism is recorded in several species, associated both with sex and with body size. Remarkable variation is recorded for some species in the number of sense cones on the antennal segments.

Genera of the leaf-feeding Dendrothripinae of the world (Thysanoptera, Thripidae), with new species from Australia and Sulawesi, Indonesia.

Character states used in distinguishing taxa within the Thripidae subfamily Dendrothripinae are discussed, and a key presented to the 11 genera recognized worldwide. Comments on each of these genera are provided, together with keys to the species from Australia of Dendrothrips, Ensiferothrips and Pseudodendrothrips. From Australia are described, four new species of Dendrothrips, one of Pseudodendrothrips, and a remarkable new species of Ensiferothrips that has required a re-diagnosis of that genus. Another new species of Ensiferothrips is described from Sulawesi, thus greatly extending the known geographical range of this previously Australian genus.

Fungus-feeding Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripinae of the Idiothrips genus-group in Australia, with nine new species.

In a group of fungus-feeding Phlaeothripinae characterized by complex body sculpture, identification keys are provided to three genera and 15 species from Australia, including nine new species. In the genus Azaleothrips one new species is described, and one Asian species is newly recorded from Australia. The genus Stictothrips is recorded from Australia for the first time, with two new species. Within the genus Strepterothrips considerable structural diversity is recorded including three new species in which antennal segment III is greatly reduced and bears no sense cones. Some species in this genus exhibit the unusual condition of having several setae on the pelta, the first abdominal tergite. Problems in the production of generic diagnoses within the Phlaeothripinae are discussed.

Species of Lissothrips and Williamsiella from mosses and lichens in Australia and New Zealand (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripinae).

Species of Lissothrips and Williamsiella live in association with mosses and lichens. Their gut contents are commonly blue-green, suggesting that they possibly feed on blue-green algae. Three species of Lissothrips are known from New Zealand, of which two are here recorded from Australia together with six new species. Williamsiella is recorded from Australia for the first time, with one new species.