The essential habitat role of a unique coastal inlet for a widely distributed apex predator.

Essential habitats support specific functions for species, such as reproduction, feeding or refuge. For highly mobile aquatic species, identifying essential habitats within the wider distribution range is central to understanding species ecology, and underpinning effective management plans. This study examined the movement and space use patterns of sevengill sharks (Notorynchus cepedianus) in Caleta Valdés (CV), a unique coastal habitat in northern Patagonia, Argentina. Seasonal residency patterns of sharks were evident, with higher detectability in late spring and early summer and lower during autumn and winter. The overlap between the residency patterns of sharks and their prey, elephant seals, suggests that CV functions as a seasonal feeding aggregation site for N. cepedianus. The study also found sexual differences in movement behaviour, with males performing abrupt departures from CV and showing increased roaming with the presence of more sharks, and maximum detection probability at high tide. These movements could be related to different feeding strategies between sexes or mate-searching behaviour, suggesting that CV may also be essential for reproduction. Overall, this study highlights the importance of coastal sites as essential habitats for N. cepedianus and deepens our understanding of the ecological role of this apex predator in marine ecosystems.

The "Tracked Roaming Transect" and distance sampling methods increase the efficiency of underwater visual censuses.

Underwater visual census (UVC) is the most common approach for estimating diversity, abundance and size of reef fishes in shallow and clear waters. Abundance estimation through UVC is particularly problematic in species occurring at low densities and/or highly aggregated because of their high variability at both spatial and temporal scales. The statistical power of experiments involving UVC techniques may be increased by augmenting the number of replicates or the area surveyed. In this work we present and test the efficiency of an UVC method based on diver towed GPS, the Tracked Roaming Transect (TRT), designed to maximize transect length (and thus the surveyed area) with respect to diving time invested in monitoring, as compared to Conventional Strip Transects (CST). Additionally, we analyze the effect of increasing transect width and length on the precision of density estimates by comparing TRT vs. CST methods using different fixed widths of 6 and 20 m (FW3 and FW10, respectively) and the Distance Sampling (DS) method, in which perpendicular distance of each fish or group of fishes to the transect line is estimated by divers up to 20 m from the transect line. The TRT was 74% more time and cost efficient than the CST (all transect widths considered together) and, for a given time, the use of TRT and/or increasing the transect width increased the precision of density estimates. In addition, since with the DS method distances of fishes to the transect line have to be estimated, and not measured directly as in terrestrial environments, errors in estimations of perpendicular distances can seriously affect DS density estimations. To assess the occurrence of distance estimation errors and their dependence on the observer's experience, a field experiment using wooden fish models was performed. We tested the precision and accuracy of density estimators based on fixed widths and the DS method. The accuracy of the estimates was measured comparing the actual total abundance with those estimated by divers using FW3, FW10, and DS estimators. Density estimates differed by 13% (range 0.1-31%) from the actual values (average = 13.09%; median = 14.16%). Based on our results we encourage the use of the Tracked Roaming Transect with Distance Sampling (TRT+DS) method for improving density estimates of species occurring at low densities and/or highly aggregated, as well as for exploratory rapid-assessment surveys in which divers could gather spatial ecological and ecosystem information on large areas during UVC.

Large-scale migration of a school shark, Galeorhinus galeus, in the Southwestern Atlantic

Knowledge of the spatial and temporal distribution patterns of chondrichthyans is critical for their effective management. In this study we report and analyze a large-scale latitudinal migration (~ 1,425 km) of a female school shark in the Southwestern Atlantic shelf where it is currently classified as Critically Endangered. During the austral summer (February 15, 2015), ninety-four school sharks were captured (75 females and 19 males) and tagged with fin tags in Nuevo Gulf (~ 42°43'S, 64°53'W, Argentina). A female of 112 cm total length was recaptured in Uruguayan shelf waters in the austral winter (August 17, 2015). This long displacement represents the first direct evidence to support Vooren and Lucifora's hypothesis of a single transnational population of Galeorhinus galeus in the Southwestern Atlantic. The good agreement found between the school shark habitat conditions (salinity 33-34, temperature 12-17°C) and the warmer member of Subantarctic Shelf Waters suggests that the seasonal variation in school shark abundance within this region could be related to water masses movements.(AU)

El conocimiento sobre los patrones de distribución espacio-temporal de los condrictios es crítico para su manejo efectivo. En este trabajo presentamos y analizamos una migración latitudinal de gran escala (~ 1.425 km) de una hembra de cazón en la plataforma del Océano Atlántico Sudoccidental, donde está actualmente clasificada como Críticamente en Peligro. Durante el verano austral (15 de Febrero de 2015), 94 cazones fueron capturados (75 hembras y 19 machos) y señalados con marcas "rotatag" en el Golfo Nuevo (~ 42°43'S, 64°53'W, Argentina). Una hembra de 112 cm de longitud total fue recapturada en aguas de la plataforma uruguaya durante el invierno austral (17 de Agosto de 2015). Este gran desplazamiento representa la primera evidencia directa para apoyar la hipótesis de Vooren y Lucifora sobre una única población transnacional de Galeorhinus galeus en el Océano Atlántico Sudoccidental. La gran coincidencia encontrada entre las condiciones de hábitat para el cazón (salinidad 33-34, temperatura 12-17° C) y el integrante más cálido del Agua de Plataforma Subantártica sugiere que la variación estacional en la abundancia del cazón dentro de esta región podría estar relacionada con el movimiento de las masas de agua.(AU)

Depletion of trophy large-sized sharks populations of the Argentinean coast, south-western Atlantic: insights from fishers' knowledge

Abstract Globally, sharks are impacted by a wide range of human activities, resulting in many populations being depleted. Trophy large-sized sharks of the Argentinean coast, the sand-tiger Carcharias taurus , the copper Carcharhinus brachyurus and the sevengill shark Notorynchus cepedianus are under intense sport and artisanal fishing since the 50's decade. However, the current and historical information for the assessment of its populations status is scarce. The aim of this work was to analyze the status of conservation of these species through the gathering of expert fishermen knowledge (FK) on semi-structured interviews. Abundance variation perception between the beginning and the end of fishermen careers revealed a critical status for the species study (means variation between -77 and -90 %). Furthermore, a best day's catch analysis reinforce this result in the case of the sand tiger shark. The school shark Galeorhinus galeus was included on this work with the objective of contrast FK with formal information available of catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE) time series. Both sources of information, despite are not comparable, shows declines ~ - 80%. The critical conservation situation of study species needs urgent management action, particularly for the san tiger shark which could became regionally extinct before the reaction of stakeholders occurs.

Resumen A escala global, los condrictios se encuentran severamente afectados por un amplio rango de actividades antrópicas. Actualmente una gran proporción de poblaciones se encuentran diezmadas y algunas especies son consideradas en peligro de extinción. Los tiburones de gran tamaño y de interés pesquero de la costa Argentina, el escalandrún Carcharias taurus , el bacota Carcharhinus brachyurus y el gatopardo Notorynchus cepedianus se encuentran bajo una intensa presión de pesca desde la década del 50. Sin embargo, la información actual o histórica sobre el estado de conservación de estas especies es muy escasa. El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar el estado de conservación de estas especies a través de la colecta de conocimiento de pescadores expertos mediante entrevistas semi-estructuradas. La precepción de los pescadores sobre la variación en abundancia entre el principio de sus carreras y el final de las mismas, mostró un estado crítico de las especies de estudio (variación media entre -77 y -90%). Además, un análisis sobre el mejor día de capturas revela un estado particularmente crítico para el eslandrún. El cazón Galeorhinus galeus fue incluido en este trabajo con el objetivo de contrastar los resultados de la percepción de los pescadores con información formal disponible basada en información de Captura por Unidad de Esfuerzo. En ambas fuentes de información, si bien no son comparables, se obtuvo una declinación del 80 % en la abundancia. Adicionalmente, en este trabajo se recabo información sobre los patrones estacionales de ocurrencia de las especies (adultos y neonatos). El crítico estado de conservación de las especies de estudio requiere la aplicación de mediadas de manejo urgentes, especialmente para el escalandrún que podría extinguirse regionalmente antes de que reaccionen usuarios u organismos de manejo.

A novel method to obtain accurate length estimates of carnivorous reef fishes from a single video camera

In the last years, technological advances enhanced the utilization of baited underwater video (BUV) to monitor the diversity, abundance, and size composition of fish assemblages. However, attempts to use static single-camera devices to estimate fish length were limited due to high errors, originated from the variable distance between the fishes and the reference scale included in the scene. In this work, we present a novel simple method to obtain accurate length estimates of carnivorous fishes by using a single downward-facing camera baited video station. The distinctive feature is the inclusion of a mirrored surface at the base of the stand that allows for correcting the apparent or "naive" length of the fish by the distance between the fish and the reference scale. We describe the calibration procedure and compare the performance (accuracy and precision) of this new technique with that of other single static camera methods. Overall, estimates were highly accurate (mean relative error = -0.6%) and precise (mean coefficient of variation = 3.3%), even in the range of those obtained with stereo-video methods.

En los últimos años, los avances tecnológicos permitieron intensificar el uso de estaciones de video fijas para estudiar la abundancia, composición de especies y estructura de tamaños de los ensambles ícticos. Sin embargo, la utilización de una única cámara estática para estimar el tamaño de los peces puede conducir a determinaciones poco exactas, provocadas por la distancia variable entre los peces y la escala de referencia incluida en la escena. En este trabajo presentamos un método novedoso para obtener estimaciones exactas del largo de peces carnívoros, que utiliza una estación de video fija con una única cámara orientada verticalmente. La característica que distingue a este sistema es la inclusión de una superficie espejada en la base del soporte de la cámara que permite corregir la longitud aparente o "naive" en función de la distancia entre los peces y la escala de referencia. En este trabajo describimos el procedimiento de calibración y comparamos el rendimiento de esta técnica (exactitud y precisión) con la de otros métodos que utilizan una única cámara estática. Las estimaciones obtenidas fueron exactas (error relativo promedio = -0,6%) y precisas (coeficiente de variación promedio = 3,3%), en el rango de valores obtenidos con estéreo-video.