Evaluation of historical data on persistent organic pollutants and heavy metals in Lake Baikal: Implications for accumulation in marine environments.

Lake Baikal, the largest freshwater lake by volume, provides drinking water and aquatic food supplies to over 2.5 million people. However, the lake has been contaminated with recalcitrant pollutants released from surrounding industrial complexes, agriculture, and natural lands, thereby increasing the risk of their bioaccumulation in fish and seals. Yet, a collective analysis of historical concentration data and their bioaccumulation potential as well as what factors drive their accumulation in fish or seals remains largely unknown. We analyzed concentration data from 42 studies collected between 1985 and 2019 in water, sediment, fish, and seals of Lake Baikal. Heavy metals had the highest concentrations in water and biota followed closely by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and organochlorines. Among organochlorines, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) showed the highest levels in water, surpassing hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) concentrations, particularly after normalizing to solubility. While naphthalene and phenanthrene exhibited the highest average concentrations among polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), their relative concentrations significantly decreased upon solubility normalization. The analysis confirmed that bioconcentration and biomagnification of organochlorine pesticides, PCBs, PAHs, and heavy metals depend primarily on source strength to drive their concentration in water and secondarily on their chemical characteristics as evidenced by the higher concentrations of low-solubility PCBs and high molecular weight PAHs in water and sediment. The differential biomagnification patterns of Cu, Hg, and Zn compared to Pb are attributed to their distinct sources and bioavailability, with Cu, Hg, and Zn showing more pronounced biomagnification due to prolonged industrial release, in contrast to the declining Pb levels. Dibenzo-p-dioxins were detected in sediment and seals, but not in water or fish compartments. These data highlight the importance of addressing even low concentrations of organic and inorganic pollutants and the need for more consistent and frequent monitoring to ensure the future usability of this and other similar essential natural resources.

A pilot study of PEERS® for Careers: A comprehensive employment-focused social skills intervention for autistic young adults in the United States.

BACKGROUND: Autistic young adults are at elevated risk for poor employment/internship outcomes, despite having many strengths relevant to the workplace. Currently, very few employment interventions for this population comprehensively promote skills development and success across the various stages of employment. AIMS: To address this gap, the current study aimed to test the feasibility, acceptability, and efficacy of a novel college to career intervention program, PEERS® for Careers. METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Twelve autistic young adults (19-30 years old) were enrolled and matched to a career coach. The pilot program consisted of 90-minute sessions delivered twice per week, for 10 weeks, covering content relevant to obtaining, maintaining, and thriving in employment/internship settings. OUTCOMES AND RESULTS: Results indicated that young adults showed a significant improvement in employment-related social skills knowledge, p < .001. Participants also reported significant improvements in their feelings of preparedness for employment over the course of the study, p = .009, with all young adults self-identifying as "somewhat prepared" or "very prepared" post-intervention. Additionally, in only a brief 10-week intervention, a slight increase in participants who secured or maintained internship/employment-related activities was observed. Overall, lesson content and coaching were perceived as helpful. No significant changes were observed in self-reported autism symptomatology. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: In sum, the PEERS® for Careers program shows promise as a college to career intervention program for autistic young adults. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS: There is a dearth of evidence-based interventions for autistic young adults, despite significant need for supports to bolster vocational and relational success. This paper is the first to evaluate the PEERS® for Careers intervention in a pilot study by exploring feasibility, acceptability, and efficacy of this novel college to career intervention program, which teaches ecologically valid employment-related skills using a strengths-based approach. Results suggest PEERS® for Careers shows significant potential as a comprehensive intervention to address the multi-faceted needs of autistic individuals in the workplace through didactic lessons, behavioral rehearsals to practice skills, and out of group assignments. Autistic young adult participants reported a high level of satisfaction with the program and lessons surrounding employment-related social skills. They also endorsed increased feelings of internship/employment readiness and increased knowledge of workplace etiquette, with most participants maintaining or securing employment. This study supports PEERS® for Careers as a feasible intervention that likely benefits autistic individuals' vocational outcomes, which emerge as a strong correlate of well-being in adulthood. This work is essential to furthering the development and provision of effective services to meet needs of the autism community.

Computational cytometer based on magnetically modulated coherent imaging and deep learning.

Detecting rare cells within blood has numerous applications in disease diagnostics. Existing rare cell detection techniques are typically hindered by their high cost and low throughput. Here, we present a computational cytometer based on magnetically modulated lensless speckle imaging, which introduces oscillatory motion to the magnetic-bead-conjugated rare cells of interest through a periodic magnetic force and uses lensless time-resolved holographic speckle imaging to rapidly detect the target cells in three dimensions (3D). In addition to using cell-specific antibodies to magnetically label target cells, detection specificity is further enhanced through a deep-learning-based classifier that is based on a densely connected pseudo-3D convolutional neural network (P3D CNN), which automatically detects rare cells of interest based on their spatio-temporal features under a controlled magnetic force. To demonstrate the performance of this technique, we built a high-throughput, compact and cost-effective prototype for detecting MCF7 cancer cells spiked in whole blood samples. Through serial dilution experiments, we quantified the limit of detection (LoD) as 10 cells per millilitre of whole blood, which could be further improved through multiplexing parallel imaging channels within the same instrument. This compact, cost-effective and high-throughput computational cytometer can potentially be used for rare cell detection and quantification in bodily fluids for a variety of biomedical applications.

Multistakeholder Etiological Explanation Agreement and Adolescent/Parent Treatment Engagement.

Client-therapist consensus has been hypothesized to be an important element of culturally competent care. However, little is known about the relationship between explanatory model agreement and treatment engagement, particularly for services involving adolescents, where both parent and youth perspectives may need to be considered. This longitudinal study collected youth, parent, and therapist survey data on etiological beliefs as well as therapist-rated treatment engagement related to a culturally diverse sample of 285 outpatient mental health service-using youth (aged 12-18, M = 14.06 at Time 1 interview; 40% female). Youth-therapist and parent-therapist agreement on beliefs about the etiology of the youth's mental health problems were examined in relationship to later treatment engagement. Although parent-therapist agreement was unrelated to parent engagement, youth-therapist coendorsement of etiological beliefs predicted overall youth treatment engagement. In addition, youth-therapist agreement significantly predicted specific aspects of youth engagement: client-therapist interaction, communication/openness, and client's perceived usefulness of treatment. Results speak to the importance of agreement between therapist and youth upon key issues related to the youth's problems in mental health treatment settings and support facilitation of consensus as a component of culturally competent care. Differences between findings for youth and parents suggest that therapeutic relationships may vary for different stakeholders, indicating a need to consider individual perspectives and contributions separately.

Do Treatment Plans Matter? Moving From Recommendations to Action.

We investigated whether a service-planning document outlining recommendations for what providers should address in treatment (i.e., targets) and the associated clinical techniques they should employ (i.e., practices) influenced the targets and practices that providers reported actually implementing during the subsequent treatment episode. Participants included 94 youths ages 4 to 17 (M = 13.57, SD = 3.59) who received community-based mental health services from the Hawai'i Child and Adolescent Mental Health Division. Data on targets and practices were compared across initial Mental Health Treatment Plans and Monthly Treatment and Progress Summaries. Data were analyzed using two-level, generalized mixed effects models with two-way cross-classification or linear mixed effects models. Providers were more likely to report the use of targets and practices in treatment if they were included within the treatment plan. In addition, the more closely targets addressed during treatment followed the recommended targets from the treatment plan, the more closely implemented practices followed the recommended practices listed in the treatment plan. Furthermore, as providers shifted their focus to different targets, a shift in their use of practices was also evident over time. Last, practices for which there is demonstrated efficacy for particular targets were more likely to be used. Service planning documents appear to help organize care; however, results also suggest possible limitations to the current system. These findings highlight potential areas for improvement in planning and care delivery.

Unintended Consequences of Evidence-Based Treatment Policy Reform: Is Implementation the Goal or the Strategy for Higher Quality Care?

This study examined patterns of evidence-based treatment (EBT) delivery following a county-wide EBT reform initiative. Data were gathered from 60 youth and their 21 providers, who were instructed to deliver therapy as they normally would under the EBT initiative. Results showed limited applicability of county-supported EBTs to this service sample, and that most youth did not receive traditional delivery of EBTs. Findings suggest that it may be unrealistic to expect providers to deliver EBTs with fidelity with all clients, and that EBT implementation may be best thought of as a strategy for improving mental health services rather than a goal.

Early drug use of dapagliflozin prescribed by general practitioners and diabetologists in Germany.

OBJECTIVES: Dapagliflozin is an inhibitor of the human sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) that has been shown to improve glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study aimed to evaluate the characteristics and treatment patterns of dapagliflozin users in comparison to users of other anti-diabetic (AD) treatments in Germany. METHODS: Data from patients with T2DM initiating at least one prescription for dapagliflozin or other AD therapy between November 2012 and April 2014 were collected from the IMS German Disease Analyzer database. RESULTS: The use of dapagliflozin combination therapy (n=1034; 74%) was more common than monotherapy (n=371; 26%). In comparison with other AD therapy users, a higher percentage of dapagliflozin users were ⩽64years of age (62.3% vs. 36.4%), and a higher proportion were male (59.1% vs. 53.6%). The average duration of diabetes was comparable between dapagliflozin patients and other AD therapy users (5.7yearsvs. 5.5years), however higher levels of HbA1c were found in dapagliflozin users (8.2% (66mmol/mol) vs. 7.5% (58mmol/mol). For the vast majority (71.5% of 10mg dapagliflozin users and 88.9% of 5mg users), dapagliflozin was prescribed in combination with other AD therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Patients starting on dapagliflozin differed in several demographic and health-related respects to patients starting another AD therapy during the same period. Dapagliflozin was predominantly used as a component of combination therapy, adding on to existing therapy. After initiation, switching to other AD treatments or adding to therapy was comparatively rare during the first year.

Child STEPs in California: A cluster randomized effectiveness trial comparing modular treatment with community implemented treatment for youth with anxiety, depression, conduct problems, or traumatic stress.

OBJECTIVE: This study reports outcomes from a randomized effectiveness trial testing modular treatment versus multiple community-implemented evidence-based treatments for youth. METHOD: An ethnoracially diverse sample of 138 youth ages 5 to 15 (62 girls, 76 boys) whose primary clinical concerns involved diagnoses or clinical elevations related to anxiety, depression, disruptive behavior, and/or traumatic stress were treated by community therapists randomly assigned to 1 of 2 conditions: (a) modular treatment, which involved a single modular protocol (i.e., modular approach to therapy for children; MATCH) that allowed flexible selection and sequencing of procedures to fit the chosen treatment focus in the context of measurement feedback, and (b) community-implemented treatment (CIT), which was a county-supported implementation of multiple evidence-based practices for youth. RESULTS: Youth treated with MATCH showed significantly faster rates of improvement over time on clinical and functional outcomes relative to youth in the CIT condition and required significantly fewer sessions delivered over significantly fewer days. Caregiver-reported clinical improvement rates were significantly greater for MATCH (60%) versus CIT (36.7%). Further, youth in the CIT condition were significantly more likely to receive additional psychosocial treatment services and were significantly more likely to use a variety of psychotropic medications during the active treatment phase. CONCLUSIONS: These results extend prior findings, supporting the effectiveness and efficiency of a modular, multifocus approach that incorporates monitoring and feedback relative to community implementation of evidence-based treatments. (PsycINFO Database Record

Association Between Hospitalization for Heart Failure and Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitors in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: An Observational Study.

OBJECTIVE: To examine, among patients with type 2 diabetes, the association between hospitalization for heart failure (hHF) and treatment with dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors (DPP-4is) versus sulfonylureas (SUs), and treatment with saxagliptin versus sitagliptin. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: This was a retrospective, observational study using a U.S. insurance claims database. Patients initiated treatment between 1 August 2010 and 30 August 2013, and had no use of the comparator treatments in the prior 12 months (baseline). Each comparison consisted of patients matched 1:1 on a propensity score. Time to each outcome was compared between matched groups using Cox models. Analyses were stratified by the presence of baseline cardiovascular disease (CVD). Secondary analyses examined associations between comparator treatments and other selected cardiovascular events. RESULTS: After matching, the study included 218,556 patients in comparisons of DPP-4i and SU, and 112,888 in comparisons of saxagliptin and sitagliptin. The hazard ratios (HRs) of hHF were as follows: DPP-4i versus SU (reference): HR 0.95 (95% CI 0.78-1.15), P = 0.580 for patients with baseline CVD; HR 0.59 (95% CI 0.38-0.89), P = 0.013 for patients without baseline CVD; saxagliptin versus sitagliptin (reference): HR 0.95 (95% CI 0.70-1.28), P = 0.712 for patients with baseline CVD; HR 0.99 (95% CI 0.56-1.75), P = 0.972 for patients without baseline CVD. Comparisons of the individual secondary and composite cardiovascular outcomes followed a similar pattern. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with type 2 diabetes, there was no association between hHF, or other selected cardiovascular outcomes, and treatment with a DPP-4i relative to SU or treatment with saxagliptin relative to sitagliptin.

Service Use Findings from the Child STEPs Effectiveness Trial: Additional Support for Modular Designs.

This study expands upon the Chorpita et al. (J Consult Clin Psychol 81:999-1009, 2013) findings by examining the impact of treatment protocol on youths' service utilization up to 2 years after starting an episode of: standard manualized treatment (Standard); modular treatment (Modular); or usual care (UC). Results showed that youths who received Modular accessed fewer service settings at their one-year follow-up relative to youths who received Standard or UC. Findings suggest that modular treatment may offer an advantage over standardized treatment manuals and UC in terms of sustained clinical benefits, and highlight the importance of treatment design considerations for service systems.

Interpreting Progress Feedback to Guide Clinical Decision-Making in Children's Mental Health Services.

Measurement feedback systems (MFSs) can help improve clinical outcomes by enhancing clinical decision-making. Unfortunately, limited information exists to guide the use and interpretation of data from MFSs. This study examined the amount of data that would provide a reasonable and reliable prediction of a client's rate of symptomatology in order to help inform clinical decision-making processes. Results showed that use of more data predicted greater levels of accuracy. However, there were diminishing returns on the ability for additional data to improve predictive accuracy. Findings inform efforts to develop guidelines on the interpretation of data from MFSs.

Balancing effectiveness with responsiveness: Therapist satisfaction across different treatment designs in the Child STEPs randomized effectiveness trial.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between protocol design and therapist satisfaction in the Child STEPs Randomized Effectiveness Trial (Weisz et al., 2012). METHOD: Therapist report was obtained at the close of 145 cases seen by 77 therapists, each of whom was randomized to a Standard evidence-based treatment (EBT), modular EBT, or usual care (UC) condition. RESULTS: Analysis of satisfaction items revealed 2 correlated factors representing perceived effectiveness and perceived responsiveness of the treatments. Therapist total satisfaction scores were significantly higher for cases in the modular condition than for those in the standard EBT or UC conditions. With regard to specific dimensions, the modular and UC cases were rated significantly higher than standard EBT cases on the Responsiveness scale, whereas modular and standard EBT cases were rated significantly higher than UC on the Effectiveness scale. Finally, increases in Effectiveness scores from first to second case were significantly larger for Modular cases than for cases in both other study conditions, and increases from first to second case in Total Satisfaction scores were significantly larger for modular cases than for UC cases. CONCLUSIONS: Therapist satisfaction with a treatment approach has independent dimensions, which can vary as a function of the protocol design. By virtue of being perceived as more effective than UC and more responsive than standard EBTs, the modular protocol design was also viewed as more overall satisfying than both, and secondary analysis suggested that these results were not due to mere first impressions of the protocols.

Perceptions of family criticism and warmth and their link to symptom expression in racially/ethnically diverse adolescents and young adults at clinical high risk for psychosis.

AIM: Little is known about the role of expressed emotion (EE) in early symptom expression in individuals at clinical high risk (CHR) for psychosis. In patients with established schizophrenia, the effects of EE on clinical outcomes have purportedly varied across racial/ethnic groups, but this has not yet been investigated among CHR patients. Furthermore, studies have traditionally focused upon caregiver levels of EE via interview-based ratings, whereas the literature on patient perceptions of caregiver EE on psychosis symptoms is relatively limited. METHODS: Linear regression models were conducted to examine the impact of criticism and perceived warmth in the family environment, from the CHR patient's perspective, on positive and negative symptom expression in non-Latino white (NLW; n = 38) and Latino (n = 11) adolescents and young adults at CHR for developing psychosis. RESULTS: Analyses examining the sample as a whole demonstrated that perceived levels of maternal criticism were negatively associated with negative CHR symptomatology. Additional analyses indicated that race/ethnicity moderated the relationship between criticism/warmth and clinical symptomatology. We found evidence of a contrasting role of patient perceived criticism and warmth depending upon the patient's race/ethnicity. CONCLUSION: Family processes shown to impact the course of schizophrenia among NLWs may function differently among Latino than NLW patients. These findings have important implications for the development of culturally appropriate interventions and may aid efforts to improve the effectiveness of mental health services for diverse adolescents and young adults at CHR for psychosis. Given the small sample size of this study, analyses should be replicated in a larger study before more definitive conclusions can be made.

Effectiveness of sulphonylureas in the therapy of diabetes mellitus type 2 patients: an observational cohort study.

BACKGROUND: We compared all-cause mortality, major macrovascular events (MACE) and diabetes-related hospitalizations in T2DM-incident patients newly treated with metformin (MET) versus sulphonylureas (SU) monotherapy and in T2DM-prevalent patients newly treated with MET+SU versus MET+DPP4-inhibitor combination therapy. METHODS: We analysed anonymized data obtained from a German health fund. Patients were included when they had started MET versus SU therapy or MET+SU versus MET+DPP4 therapy between 01/07/2010 and 31/12/2011. Observation started with the first MET/SU prescription or the first prescription of the second agent of a MET+SU/MET+DPP4 combination therapy. Follow-up time lasted until the end of data availability (a minimum of 12 months), death or therapy discontinuation. RESULTS: In total, 434,291 T2DM-prevalent and 35,661 T2DM-incident patients were identified. Of the identified T2DM-incident patients, 904/7,874 started SU/MET monotherapy, respectively, with a mean age of 70.1/61.4 years (54.6/50.3 % female; Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) 1.4/2.2; 933/7,350 observed SU/MET patient years). 4,157/1,793 SU+MET/DPP4+MET therapy starters had a mean age of 68.1/62.2 years (53.4/50.8 % female; CCI 2.8/2.6; 4,556/1,752 observed SU+MET/ DPP4+MET patient years). In a propensity score matched (PSM) comparison, the HRs (95 % CIs) associated with SU monotherapy compared to MET monotherapy exposure were 1.4 (0.9-2.3) for mortality, 1.4 (0.9-2.2) for MACE, 4.1 (1.5-10.9) for T2DM hospitalizations and 1.6 (1.2-2.3) for composite event risk. In a multivariable Cox regression model, SU monotherapy was associated with higher mortality (aHR 2.0; 1.5-2.6), higher MACE (aHR 1.3; 1.0-1.7) and higher T2DM hospitalizations (aHR 2.8; 1.8-4.4), which corresponded with a higher composite event risk (aHR 1.8; 1.5-2.1). No significant differences in event rates were observed in the PSM comparison between DPP4+MET/SU+MET combination therapy starters and in the multivariable Cox regression analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that SU monotherapy may be associated with increased mortality, MACE and T2DM hospitalizations, compared to MET monotherapy. When considering SU therapy, the associated cardiovascular risk should also be taken into account.

Parental etiological explanations and longitudinal medication use for youths with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Due to the need to increase understanding of factors associated with medication usage for youth with ADHD, this study examined parental explanatory etiologies in relationship to psychotropic medication use in a sample of youth who met criteria for ADHD and utilized outpatient specialty mental health services in the previous year. When examined cross-sectionally, medication usage was positively associated with parental explanatory etiologies related to physical causes and negatively associated with those involving sociological causes. Longitudinal analyses did not show a significant effect of Time 1 parental explanatory etiologies on the slope of medication use, suggesting that the relationship between Time 1 parental explanatory etiologies and medication usage remains stable over time for those who have had past year involvement with outpatient specialty mental health services.

Risk of serious asthma exacerbations associated with long-acting beta agonists among patients with asthma: a retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: After the Serevent Nationwide Surveillance clinical trial, controversy has surrounded the safety of long-acting beta agonists (LABAs). OBJECTIVE: Examine the association between LABAs and severe asthma exacerbations (SAEs). METHODS: From a multistate Medicaid database, for the years 2002-2007, a total of 940,449 patients (age <40) with asthma were selected and divided into a cohort with newly-diagnosed asthma and one with pre-existing asthma. SAEs included asthma-related emergency department (ED) visits, hospitalizations, and intubations. Patients' asthma severity was determined based on medication regimen as suggested by the 2002 National Asthma Guidelines. Specific use of inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs), LABAs, ICS/LABA combination drugs, short-acting beta agonists (SABAs), and other drugs was tracked. Cox proportional hazard regressions were estimated to assess the risk of SAEs associated with patient severity, drug use, and covariates. RESULTS: Compared to patients taking a SABA only, estimated SAE hazard ratios for newly diagnosed and pre-existing-asthma patients were as follows: 0.63 (95% CI 0.58-0.69) and 0.74 (0.70-0.79) for patients on a LABA without ICS, and 0.79 (0.77-0.81) and 0.90 (0.87-0.92) for those on a LABA/ICS single inhaler. Although hazard ratios were estimated to be similar for ED visits, LABA use was found to be positively associated with hospitalizations and intubations. Other key risk factors (P < .0001) included being African American, an alcohol/substance use disorder, pregnancy, and obesity. CONCLUSION: Relative to SABA-only therapy, LABA use is associated with a lower risk of ED visit. Certain patients with asthma, such as pregnant women and African Americans, are particularly vulnerable to SAE risk of all types.

A structural model of racial discrimination, acculturative stress, and cultural resources among Arab American adolescents.

Despite evidence towards the risk for discrimination and acculturative stress that Arab American adolescents may face, the link between socio-cultural adversities and psychological well-being in this population has not been established. This study examined the role of socio-cultural adversities (discrimination and acculturative stress) and cultural resources (ethnic identity, religious support and religious coping) in terms of their direct impact on psychological distress. Using structural equation modeling, the proposed model was tested with 240 Arab American adolescents. The results indicated a strong positive relationship between socio-cultural adversities and psychological distress. Furthermore, this study supported a promotive model of cultural resources, where a negative association between cultural resources and psychological distress was found. Understanding the manner in which socio-cultural adversities and resources are linked to psychological distress can inform the development of culturally appropriate interventions that can effectively mitigate mental health concerns for understudied and vulnerable populations.

Pulmonary defense mechanisms against pneumonia and sepsis.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Pneumonia and sepsis are major causes of morbidity and mortality. Lung defense against pathogens involves innate and acquired immune responses. In this review, we focus on lung pathogens associated with sepsis and the innate immune response to them. In addition to discussing typical lung pathogens, the structural defenses, antimicrobial particles, complement, and cellular components of the immune response against these pathogens are also explored. RECENT FINDINGS: The rising importance of pathogen-associated molecular pattern recognition molecules (such as Toll-like receptors) is discussed, as is the pivotal role of the dendritic cell in linking the innate and adaptive immune response. Although the adaptive response is delayed, it is more specific than the innate response and confers long-lasting memory allowing rapid and efficient clearance of pathogens on subsequent re-exposure. Sepsis interferes with both the innate and adaptive immune responses by inducing marked apoptosis of dendritic cells and lymphocytes, suppressing both arms of the immune response. This immunosuppression is a major hallmark of this disorder. SUMMARY: Clearly, understanding the immune response in the lung is critical to the development of future therapeutics for pneumonia and sepsis. This review concludes with novel discoveries in the lung immune response, which may lead to future avenues of treatment.

Parenting interventions for children with autism spectrum and disruptive behavior disorders: opportunities for cross-fertilization.

Empirical support exists for parent training/education (PT/PE) interventions for children with disruptive behavior disorders (DBD) and autism spectrum disorders (ASD). While the models share common roots, current approaches have largely developed independently and the research findings have been disseminated in two different literature traditions: mental health and developmental disabilities. Given that these populations often have overlapping clinical needs and are likely to receive services in similar settings, efforts to integrate the knowledge gained in the disparate literature may be beneficial. This article provides a systematic overview of the current (1995-2005) empirical research on PT/PE for children with DBD and ASD; attending to factors for cross-fertilization. Twenty-two ASD and 38 DBD studies were coded for review. Literature was compared in three main areas: (1) research methodology, (2) focus of PT/PE intervention, and (3) PT/PE procedures. There was no overlap in publication outlets between the studies for the two populations. Results indicate that there are opportunities for cross-fertilization in the areas of (1) research methodology, (2) intervention targets, and (3) format of parenting interventions. The practical implications of integrating these two highly related areas of research are identified and discussed.